第一单元 Environmental Interrelationships(概论) 教学大纲要求 1.教学内容 (1)环境的范畴( The field of environmental science (2)环境问题的相互关联性( The Interrelated Nature of environmental prob|ems (3)环境与生态系统( An Ecosystem Approach) (4)环境问题( Regional Environmental Concerns) 2.教学要求 (1)了解环境科学的学科体系 (2)了解环境问题的相互关联性 (3)了解生态系统方法在环境分析中的应用。 本单元授课计划 总授课时间:4学时(2次授课) 1.第1次课(2学时) (1)课程介绍:包括课程整体内容、总授课计划、双语教学方式、学习要求等; (2)“环境学"的概念、学习的目的和任务等。 2.第2次课(2学时) (1)按照教学大纲的要求,讲授第一单元的内容 (2)就环境学的基本概念以及环境问题的相互关联性开展课堂讨论 本单元重点与难点 1. The field of environmental science(环境科学的领域) Environmental Science is interdisciplinary, and includes both applied and theoretical knowledge.(跨学科;应用科学+理论科学) Environmental Science incorporates scientific aspects of ecology, conservation geography, etc, with inputs from social sciences such as economics, sociology and political science.(自然科学十社会科学)
1 第一单元 Environmental Interrelationships（概论） 教学大纲要求 1. 教学内容： （1）环境的范畴 (The Field of Environmental Science) （2）环境问题的相互关联性 (The Interrelated Nature of Environmental Problems) （3）环境与生态系统 (An Ecosystem Approach) （4）环境问题 (Regional Environmental Concerns) 2. 教学要求： （1）了解环境科学的学科体系； （2）了解环境问题的相互关联性； （3）了解生态系统方法在环境分析中的应用。 本单元授课计划 总授课时间：4 学时（2 次授课） 1. 第 1 次课（2 学时） （1）课程介绍：包括课程整体内容、总授课计划、双语教学方式、学习要求等； （2）“环境学”的概念、学习的目的和任务等。 2. 第 2 次课（2 学时） （1）按照教学大纲的要求，讲授第一单元的内容； （2）就环境学的基本概念以及环境问题的相互关联性开展课堂讨论。 本单元重点与难点 1. The Field of Environmental Science（环境科学的领域） • Environmental Science is interdisciplinary, and includes both applied and theoretical knowledge.（跨学科；应用科学＋理论科学） • Environmental Science incorporates scientific aspects of ecology, conservation, geography, etc., with inputs from social sciences such as economics, sociology and political science.（自然科学＋社会科学）
The field of environmental science involves an understanding of scientific principles, economic influences, and political action.(科学+经济学+政治 学) 2. nterrelated Nature of environmental problems(环境问题的相互关联性) Environment is everything that affects an organism during its lifetime Understood to infer surrounding conditions that affect people and other organisms.(生物过程:出生→死亡;环境:影响生物的整个生命历程) Most social and political decisions are made with respect to political boundaries and jurisdictions. But environmental problems rarely coincide with these boundaries.(社会与政治决策有行政边界;环境问题边界不同于行政边界) Because of the magnitude of these problems international agencies such as the International Joint Commission have had the major bearing on environmental quality over broad regions.(环境问题是世界性问题) 3. An Ecosystem Approach(环境与生态系统) Ecosystem: Region in which the organisms and the physical environment form an interacting unit.(生态系统:生物与环境相互作用的单元系统) The task of an Environmental Scientist is to recognize and understand natural interactions within our environment, and integrate these with the uses humans must make of the natural world.(生态系统中的相互作用:包括环境中的自然作 用,以及人类对环境的利用) 4.本单元要点的归纳: 环境问题是跨越国界的世界性问题; 人们对环境问题的认识存在多方面的差异 环境问题归根结底是人的问题 作业与习题要求
2 • The field of environmental science involves an understanding of scientific principles, economic influences, and political action.（科学 ＋ 经济学 ＋ 政治 学） 2. Interrelated Nature of Environmental Problems（环境问题的相互关联性） • “Environment” is everything that affects an organism during its lifetime. Understood to infer surrounding conditions that affect people and other organisms.（生物过程：出生→死亡；环境：影响生物的整个生命历程） • Most social and political decisions are made with respect to political boundaries and jurisdictions. But environmental problems rarely coincide with these boundaries.（社会与政治决策有行政边界；环境问题边界不同于行政边界） • Because of the magnitude of these problems, international agencies such as the International Joint Commission have had the major bearing on environmental quality over broad regions.（环境问题是世界性问题） 3. An Ecosystem Approach（环境与生态系统） • Ecosystem: Region in which the organisms and the physical environment form an interacting unit.（生态系统：生物与环境相互作用的单元系统） • The task of an Environmental Scientist is to recognize and understand natural interactions within our environment, and integrate these with the uses humans must make of the natural world.（生态系统中的相互作用：包括环境中的自然作 用，以及人类对环境的利用） 4. 本单元要点的归纳： 环境问题是跨越国界的世界性问题； 人们对环境问题的认识存在多方面的差异； 环境问题归根结底是人的问题。 作业与习题要求
本单元是“环境学的概述,不设置专门的习题,但布置一定量的思考题,让学生结合 本单元教材内容进行思考,淮备答案,下一次课进行课堂讨论
3 本单元是“环境学”的概述，不设置专门的习题，但布置一定量的思考题，让学生结合 本单元教材内容进行思考，准备答案，下一次课进行课堂讨论
第二单元 Decision Making and Sustainable Development(环境决策与可持续发展) 教学大纲要求 1.教学内容 (1)环境风险问题( Measuring Risk) (2)经济与环境( Economics and the environment) (3)环境与可持续发展(在教材的基础上增加部分内容)( Sustainable Development) 2.教学要求 (1)了解环境风险的概念,并明确以环境风险评价为基础的环境决策过程 (2)明确经济发展与环境的相互制约关系; (3)深入领会可持续发展的基本概念,明确环境可持续性与经济发展之间的关系 本单元授课计划 总授课时间:4学时(2次授课) 1.第1次课(2学时) (1)环境风险的基本概念:包括风险的定义、与环境风险相关的主要学术术语、环 境风险量化和评价的必要性及意义 (2)环境风险评价方法:包括风险评价的范畴、一般方法的概要、风险评价与风险 管理的关系等 (3)环境问题和环境风险的经济学分析:包括环境与资源的关系、环境与经济的关 系、环境污染的经济代价、环境保护的经济投入等 2.第2次课(2学时) (1)可持续发展的基本概念:包括可持续发展的定义、可持续发展概念的产生和发 展过程、与可持续发展相关的国际条约、环境与可持续发展的关系等 (2)与可持续发展相关的经济学原理:包括可持续发展的经济学特征、以可持续发 展为目标的经济决策等 (3)就本单元教学内容开展课堂讨论。 本单元重点与难点 uring Risk(风险计量)
4 第二单元Decision Making and Sustainable Development（环境决策与可持续发展） 教学大纲要求 1. 教学内容： （1）环境风险问题 (Measuring Risk) （2）经济与环境 (Economics and the Environment) （3）环境与可持续发展（在教材的基础上增加部分内容）(Sustainable Development) 2. 教学要求： （1）了解环境风险的概念，并明确以环境风险评价为基础的环境决策过程； （2）明确经济发展与环境的相互制约关系； （3）深入领会可持续发展的基本概念，明确环境可持续性与经济发展之间的关系。 本单元授课计划 总授课时间：4 学时（2 次授课） 1. 第 1 次课（2 学时） （1）环境风险的基本概念：包括风险的定义、与环境风险相关的主要学术术语、环 境风险量化和评价的必要性及意义； （2）环境风险评价方法：包括风险评价的范畴、一般方法的概要、风险评价与风险 管理的关系等； （3）环境问题和环境风险的经济学分析：包括环境与资源的关系、环境与经济的关 系、环境污染的经济代价、环境保护的经济投入等。 2. 第 2 次课（2 学时） （1）可持续发展的基本概念：包括可持续发展的定义、可持续发展概念的产生和发 展过程、与可持续发展相关的国际条约、环境与可持续发展的关系等； （2）与可持续发展相关的经济学原理：包括可持续发展的经济学特征、以可持续发 展为目标的经济决策等； （3）就本单元教学内容开展课堂讨论。 本单元重点与难点 1. Measuring Risk（风险计量）
Two primary factors in most decisions: (1) Risk: how likely is it that something will happen?(2)cost: what is the cost of this course of action?(风险:事件发生的可 能性:代价:采取行动所付出的代价) Risk analysis involves defining a mathematical probability relating the likelihood of an event( adverse effect).(风险分析:可能性的数学分析) 2 Risk analysis and Decision Makin(风险分析与决策) ?风险分析的目的:决策 Decision-Making Process: The assessment, cost, and consequences of risks are all important to the decision- making process.(决策过程:通过风险量化和结果预 测来决策) 3 Risk Assessment(风险评价) Environmental risk assessment uses facts and assumptions to estimate probability of harm to human health or the environment resulting from exposure to pollutants, toxins, or management decisions.(环境风险评价:定量估价人体健 康或环境的危害程度) Risk assessment is also being used to help set regulating priorities and supporting regulatory action.(风险评价有助于科学制定规范与标准) 4. Risk Management(风险管理) Risk Management: A decision-making process that includes: (1) Assigning priorities to different risks; (2) Determining necessary funding to reduce risks to an acceptable level; (3 )Deciding where greatest benefit will be realized from limited funds; (4)Determining acceptable level of risk; and(5)Planning enforcement, and monitoring.(风险管理:优先度、可接受风险程度…… Politics of risk management frequently focus on adequacy of supporting scientific evidence.(科学依据的充实度)
5 • Two primary factors in most decisions: (1) Risk: how likely is it that something will happen? (2) Cost: what is the cost of this course of action?（风险：事件发生的可 能性；代价：采取行动所付出的代价） • Risk analysis involves defining a mathematical probability relating the likelihood of an event (adverse effect).（风险分析：可能性的数学分析） 2. Risk Analysis and Decision Making（风险分析与决策） ? 风险分析的目的：决策 • Decision-Making Process: The assessment, cost, and consequences of risks are all important to the decision-making process.（决策过程：通过风险量化和结果预 测来决策） 3. Risk Assessment（风险评价） • Environmental risk assessment uses facts and assumptions to estimate probability of harm to human health or the environment resulting from exposure to pollutants, toxins, or management decisions.（环境风险评价：定量估价人体健 康或环境的危害程度） • Risk assessment is also being used to help set regulating priorities and supporting regulatory action.（风险评价有助于科学制定规范与标准） 4. Risk Management（风险管理） • Risk Management: A decision-making process that includes: (1) Assigning priorities to different risks; (2) Determining necessary funding to reduce risks to an acceptable level; (3) Deciding where greatest benefit will be realized from limited funds; (4) Determining acceptable level of risk; and (5) Planning, enforcement, and monitoring.（风险管理：优先度、可接受风险程度……） • Politics of risk management frequently focus on adequacy of supporting scientific evidence.（科学依据的充实度）
Defining the extent of the problem helps determine the rest of the management process.(问题的范围与程度) · Below a certain risk threshold, action may be unnecessary.(风险的阈值) 5. True and perceived risks(真实风险与预计风险) People often overestimate frequency and seriousness of sensational causes of death, and underestimate risks from familiar causes.(过量估计死亡风险-过度轻 视常见风险) · Elimination of all risk is impossible.(不能期待所有风险都得以消除) An on-going dilemma is: Should the government spend the most money on areas with the greatest impact, or areas where the most people are upset? (XE E hE 否将多数人关注的风险作为管理的重点?) 6. Economics and the environment(经济与环境) Environmental problems are primarily economic problems. Economics deals with resource allocation.(环境问题的经济性:资源的分配) Economic Concepts: Economic good/ service is anything defined as scarce Resource is anything that contributes to making desired goods and services available.(资源-商品-稀缺性) Economic Concepts: Supply is the amount of the good/service available for purchase/consumption and demand is the amount of the good/service consumers are willing to buy at various prices.(“供”受来源的制约;“求"受购买意愿的影响) 7. Market-Based Instruments(MBs)(市场手段) Provide incentive for people and companies to reduce pollution by imposing costs on pollution- causing activities.(造成污染需要付出代价) Five basic categories: (1) Information Programs-Make clear the personal interests in pollution reduction; (2) Tradable Emissions Permits-Give companies the right to emit specified amounts of pollutants; (3)Emission Fees, Taxes
6 • Defining the extent of the problem helps determine the rest of the management process.（问题的范围与程度） • Below a certain risk threshold, action may be unnecessary.（风险的阈值） 5. True and Perceived Risks（真实风险与预计风险） • People often overestimate frequency and seriousness of sensational causes of death, and underestimate risks from familiar causes.（过量估计死亡风险–过度轻 视常见风险） • Elimination of all risk is impossible.（不能期待所有风险都得以消除） • An on-going dilemma is: Should the government spend the most money on areas with the greatest impact, or areas where the most people are upset?（难点：能 否将多数人关注的风险作为管理的重点？） 6. Economics and the Environment（经济与环境） • Environmental problems are primarily economic problems. Economics deals with resource allocation.（环境问题的经济性：资源的分配） • Economic Concepts: Economic good/service is anything defined as scarce. Resource is anything that contributes to making desired goods and services available.（资源–商品–稀缺性） • Economic Concepts: Supply is the amount of the good/service available for purchase/consumption and demand is the amount of the good/service consumers are willing to buy at various prices.（“供”受来源的制约；“求”受购买意愿的影响） 7. Market-Based Instruments (MBIs)（市场手段） • Provide incentive for people and companies to reduce pollution by imposing costs on pollution-causing activities.（造成污染需要付出代价） • Five basic categories: (1) Information Programs - Make clear the personal interests in pollution reduction; (2) Tradable Emissions Permits - Give companies the right to emit specified amounts of pollutants; (3) Emission Fees, Taxes
Charges-Make damaging activities more expensive; (4) Performance Bond Deposit-Refund-Place surcharge on price of products that is refunded upon return; (5)Subsidies-Monetary incentives designed to reduce product costs. (fi 种经济手段:信息系统、可交易的排污许可、排污费和罚款、行为契约/储蓄返 还、政府补助) 8. Extended Product Responsibility(EPR)(扩展的产品责任) Relies on implementation of life cycle analysis to identify opportunities to prevent pollution and reduce resource and energy use in each stage of the product chain (生命周期评价) The Life Cycle of a Typical Product:上游阶段(概念+原材料供应+生产加工) 中游阶段(销售+使用)十下游阶段(废品收集+处理+最终处置) 9. Cost-Benefit Analysis(投资-效益分析) Determine whether a policy generates more social costs than social benefits in four steps: (1)Identify the project; (2)Determination of all impacts; (3) Determination of the value of impacts;(4) Calculation of net benefit.(分析社会投 资与社会效益的关系:项目分析、影响因素分析、影响的量化、净效益计算) 10. Sustainable Development(可持续发展) Sustainable Development: meets present needs without compromising ability of future generations to meet their own needs.(满足现有需求而不牺牲子孙后代的 利益) Economics and Sustainable Development: Economic and environmental well beings are mutually reinforcing, and must be simultaneously pursued.(同时追求 经济和环境效益)
7 Charges - Make damaging activities more expensive; (4) Performance Bond / Deposit-Refund - Place surcharge on price of products that is refunded upon return; (5) Subsidies - Monetary incentives designed to reduce product costs.（五 种经济手段：信息系统、可交易的排污许可、排污费和罚款、行为契约/储蓄返 还、政府补助） 8. Extended Product Responsibility (EPR)（扩展的产品责任） • Relies on implementation of life cycle analysis to identify opportunities to prevent pollution and reduce resource and energy use in each stage of the product chain. （生命周期评价） • The Life Cycle of a Typical Product: 上游阶段（概念+原材料供应+生产加工）＋ 中游阶段（销售+使用）＋下游阶段（废品收集+处理+最终处置） 9. Cost-Benefit Analysis（投资-效益分析） • Determine whether a policy generates more social costs than social benefits in four steps: (1) Identify the project; (2) Determination of all impacts; (3) Determination of the value of impacts; (4) Calculation of net benefit.（分析社会投 资与社会效益的关系：项目分析、影响因素分析、影响的量化、净效益计算） 10.Sustainable Development（可持续发展） • Sustainable Development: meets present needs without compromising ability of future generations to meet their own needs.（满足现有需求而不牺牲子孙后代的 利益） • Economics and Sustainable Development: Economic and environmental wellbeings are mutually reinforcing, and must be simultaneously pursued.（同时追求 经济和环境效益）
Five Characteristics That Defines Sustainability: Renewability, Substitution interdependence, Adaptability, Institutional commitment.(可持续性:可再生、可 替代、相互依存、适应性、制度保障) 作业与习题要求 本单元布置一定量的思考题,让学生结合本单元教材内容进行思考,准备答案,下 次课进行课堂讨论。同时布置一定量的习题,作为课后作业
8 • Five Characteristics That Defines Sustainability: Renewability, Substitution, Interdependence, Adaptability, Institutional commitment.（可持续性：可再生、可 替代、相互依存、适应性、制度保障） 作业与习题要求 本单元布置一定量的思考题，让学生结合本单元教材内容进行思考，准备答案，下一 次课进行课堂讨论。同时布置一定量的习题，作为课后作业
第三单元 Environments, Organisms and Ecosystems(环境、生物与生态系统) 教学大纲要求 1.教学内容 (1)生态学概念( Ecological Concepts) (2)自然选择与进化原理( The role of natural selection and Evo|uton) 3)生物的相互作用关系( Kinds of Organism Interactions) (4)生物群落与生态系统( Community and Ecosystem Interactions (5)演替过程( Succession) 教学要求 (1)掌握环境中生物的生态结构、生物繁衍过程中的限制因子、生物栖息地以及生 境等概念 (2)明确生物的自然选择原则,了解生物进化过程的形式和特点; (3)明确生物间的捕食、竞争、共生等多种相互作用关系 (4)明确生态系统的概念,了解生态系统中生物群落的相互作用规律 (5)了解生态系统中的能量循环、物质循环过程以及食物链关系 (6)了解生态系统的一次进化、二次进化过程,掌握进化论和演替顶极的概念和原 本单元授课计划 总授课时间:6学时(3次授课) 1.第1次课(2学时) (1)生态系统的基本概念:包括基本专业术语、生态系统的构成、生态系统中生物 环境和非生物环境之间的关系等 (2)自然选择与进化原理:包括基本专业术语、自然选择过程的影响因子、进化过 程的类别 2.第2次课(2学时) (1)生物的相互作用关系:包括基本专业术语,生物间的竞争、捕食、共生等各种 相互作用关系的分析: (2)生物群落与生态系统:包括基本专业术语,生物群落与生态系统的相互作用关 系,生态系统中的能量流,食物链,生态系统中的物质循环等
9 第三单元Environments, Organisms and Ecosystems（环境、生物与生态系统） 教学大纲要求 1. 教学内容： （1）生态学概念 (Ecological Concepts) （2）自然选择与进化原理 (The Role of Natural Selection and Evolution) （3）生物的相互作用关系 (Kinds of Organism Interactions) （4）生物群落与生态系统 (Community and Ecosystem Interactions) （5）演替过程 (Succession) 2. 教学要求： （1）掌握环境中生物的生态结构、生物繁衍过程中的限制因子、生物栖息地以及生 境等概念； （2）明确生物的自然选择原则，了解生物进化过程的形式和特点； （3）明确生物间的捕食、竞争、共生等多种相互作用关系； （4）明确生态系统的概念，了解生态系统中生物群落的相互作用规律； （5）了解生态系统中的能量循环、物质循环过程以及食物链关系； （6）了解生态系统的一次进化、二次进化过程，掌握进化论和演替顶极的概念和原 理。 本单元授课计划 总授课时间：6 学时（3 次授课） 1. 第 1 次课（2 学时） （1）生态系统的基本概念：包括基本专业术语、生态系统的构成、生态系统中生物 环境和非生物环境之间的关系等； （2）自然选择与进化原理：包括基本专业术语、自然选择过程的影响因子、进化过 程的类别等。 2. 第 2 次课（2 学时） （1）生物的相互作用关系：包括基本专业术语，生物间的竞争、捕食、共生等各种 相互作用关系的分析； （2）生物群落与生态系统：包括基本专业术语，生物群落与生态系统的相互作用关 系，生态系统中的能量流，食物链，生态系统中的物质循环等
3.第3次课(2学时) (1)进化过程:包括基本专业术语,初级进化、二级进化过程的分析,生物演替顶 极,各种顶极生态系统。 (2)就本单元教学内容开展课堂讨论。 本单元重点与难点 1. Ecological Concepts(生态学概念) Ecology: Study of how organisms interact with each other and with their non living surroundings.(生态学:研究生物间相互作用以及生物与环境间的作用) · Environment: Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime.(环境:生物 生命周期中的所有影响因素) imiting Factors: Any factor whose shortage or absence restricts species success.(限制因子:生物物种存在必不可少的因素) 2. Role of natural selection and evolution(自然选择和进化作用) Genes: Genes are distinct pieces of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)that determine the characteristics an individual displays.(基因:决定个体特征的DNA片段) Population: A population is considered to be all the organisms of the same kind found within a specific geographic region.(群落数:特定地理区域中同一类别生 物的总数) Species: A species is a population of all the organisms potentially capable of reproducing naturally among themselves and having offspring that also reproduce.(物种:具有繁衍能力的群落) 3. Natural Selection(自然选择) Natural Selection: Process that determines which individuals within a species will reproduce and pass their genes to the next generation.(自然选择:物种中具有 最强生存和繁衍能力的个体的选择)
10 3. 第 3 次课（2 学时） （1）进化过程：包括基本专业术语，初级进化、二级进化过程的分析，生物演替顶 极，各种顶极生态系统。 （2）就本单元教学内容开展课堂讨论。 本单元重点与难点 1. Ecological Concepts（生态学概念） • Ecology: Study of how organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings.（生态学：研究生物间相互作用以及生物与环境间的作用） • Environment: Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime.（环境：生物 生命周期中的所有影响因素） • Limiting Factors: Any factor whose shortage or absence restricts species success.（限制因子：生物物种存在必不可少的因素） 2. Role of Natural Selection and Evolution（自然选择和进化作用） • Genes: Genes are distinct pieces of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that determine the characteristics an individual displays.（基因：决定个体特征的 DNA 片段） • Population: A population is considered to be all the organisms of the same kind found within a specific geographic region.（群落数：特定地理区域中同一类别生 物的总数） • Species: A species is a population of all the organisms potentially capable of reproducing naturally among themselves and having offspring that also reproduce.（物种：具有繁衍能力的群落） 3. Natural Selection（自然选择） • Natural Selection: Process that determines which individuals within a species will reproduce and pass their genes to the next generation.（自然选择：物种中具有 最强生存和繁衍能力的个体的选择）
