HIGH PERFORMANCE APPLICATIONS OF FIBERS 667 Table i continued Performance S? Properties Utilized Cost reduction Reference Tunnel linings ste Strength, MO Durability Energy absorption Better bonding to 3: Maage Broe Metglas >25 kg/'m Shoterete. St Gobain lit. Crack resistance ability fatigue re Van Mier et chem. resistance n Abrasion rs n Shrinkage crack res Poland s出mw 25-30K m. Glavind Stang, 94 Fiberbeton steel reinf. Bending load res Wall thick. rec Australia No. 1, 92 0.3-0.5 Bending load res. nical w/o wire- Belgium Dramix broe. steel 1.75 Bending load res ck. red to 2 Denmark oors Metglas S Ductility Lightweight, Replace steel, sam France St. Gobain lit. aname energ weight, lower cost Dsorption CRC steel High-cost Denmark nergy Absorp. steel? Ss Energy absorption Impact Plastic shrinkage Denmark SS Tensile Thermal shock re Belgium thermal shock resist Columns(RPC steel 2-4 s Strength, Toughness Seismic resistance Slender columns France Richard & Cheyney, Column/slab CRC steel S Toughness Short development Building system Van Mier et al S Truss members Netherlands van et al Roofing tiles 4-5 Life-cost enmark Glavind extruded or engi age crack res. Durability rength steel reinf. poss. Stang, 94 Light-weight Life-cost products for o steel reinf. po cladding Toughness Ferrocem N rst erack Life-cost Shirai and Ohama, 95 Pakeaging and Metglas n Microcrack resist dioactivity 300 yr containers St, Gobain lit. Stair treads PVA Rust resistance Light-weight (Kajima KaTRI Broe *Experimental.Table I Continued Applications Fiber Vf (%) S? Properties Utilized Performance Improvements Cost Reduction Amount Appl. & Location Reference Tunnel linings steel 0.5–1 S Strength, MOR Toughness Energy absorption Shrinkage crack res. Safety Durability Better bonding to underlay Maintain contour Water tightness Replace wire-reinf., No reinf. corrosion Constr. time & labor red. (with shotcreting) Thickness red. Constr. safety 80K m3/yr., Norway Skerendale, ’94 Horri & Nanakorn, ’93; Maage, M., ’94 Bekaert Broc. EE-fiber Broc. St. Gobain Broc. Metglas .25 kg/m3 Sewage network linings* Metglas SS MOR Crack resistance Corrosion resistance Durability Replace wire-mesh, labor, Reduce thickness Shotcrete, France St. Gobain lit. Drainage canal in tunnel CRC steel 6 S MOR fatigue resistance durability (100 yrs) non-conducting (elec. sys. of train) chem. resistance Thin cover 40K element 500x400x 40 mm3, Denmark Van Mier et al., ’95 Wear linings, hydraulic structures steel N Abrasion rs. Durability Life-cost Denmark Glavind & Stang, ’94 Underground railway system pp “sm. amt.” N Shrinkage crack res. Durability Poland Brandt et al, ’94 Containers agriculture process sludge purifying pp 2 SS Shrinkage crack res. Elastic modulus Durability Water-tightness Mat’l cost 2x thickness red. No cut joint’ No steel reinf. 25–30K m3 , Denmark Glavind & Stang, ’94 Fiberbeton R&S, Denmark Septic tanks steel ? SS MOR Bending load res. Wall thick. red., Labor & mat’l red. Mass & weight red. Cost less than mesh Australia Fibresteel, V.4 No. 1, ’92 Pipe* steel 0.3–0.5 SS MOR Crack res. Ductility Bending load res. Spall res. Corrosion res. Economical w/o wire￾mesh reinforcement Belgium Dramix broc. and design doc. Pipe* steel 1.75 SS MOR Bending load res. Wall thick. red. to 1⁄3 of normal Denmark Thygesen, ’93 Pedersen & Jorgen, ’92 Anti-blast doors military shelters Metglas ? S Ductility Lightweight, Dynamic energy absorption Replace steel, same weight, lower cost France St. Gobain lit., Dynabeton by Sogea Security products CRC steel 6 S Strength Ductility Energy Absorp. Impact Res. High-cost Denmark Bache, ’87 Vaults and safes steel 1–3 S Energy Absorp. Impact Res. Thickness reduction (;2⁄3) U.S. Balaguru & Shah, ’92 Tetrapods (dolosse) steel? ? SS Energy absorption Impact res. 30K m3 Australia Engineer update, ’84 Sea defense work concrete pp 0.9 N Plastic shrinkage crack res. Durability against wind/exposure 4 tonnes, Denmark Crackstop News, No. 1, ’90 Refractories Stainless steel ? SS Tensile MOR Thermal shock resis. Spall resist. Durability Reliability Belgium Bekaert Broc. Refractories e.g. lip rings for iron ladles, furnace hearths stainless steel ? SS thermal shock resist. U.S. Lankard, ’92 Columns (RPC in steel tube) steel 2–4.5 S Strength, Toughness Seismic resistance Slender columns France Richard & Cheyrezy, ’94 Column/Slab cast-in-place joint CRC steel ? S Toughness Short development length for reinf. Building system flexibility Denmark Van Mier et al, ’95 Truss-system* SIFCON ? S Tensile Compress. strength Truss members Netherlands Van Mier et al, ’95 Roofing tiles (extruded or Hatschek) cellul. pp wollas. 4–5 N Shrinkage crack res. Tensile strength Toughness MOR Durability Life-cost No steel reinf. poss. Light-weight Denmark Glavind & Stang, ’94 Thin sheet products for cladding asbestos cellul. pp glass PVA carbon varies N Shrinkage crack res. Tensile strength Toughness MOR Durability Life-cost No steel reinf. poss. Light-Weight Europe Bentur, A., ’95 Ferrocement column steel carbon 1 5 N First crack res. MOR Corrosion res. Durability Red. in crack width Life-cost Japan Shirai and Ohama, ’95 Pakcaging and storage nuclear waste Metglas N Microcrack resist. Contain radioactivity Durability 300 yr. containers France St. Gobain lit. Sogefibre Stair treads PVA 2 SS Low denstiy Strength Toughness Rust resistance Light-weight Boltable Life-cost Japan (Kajima) Yurugi et al, ’91 KaTRI Broc. *Experimental. HIGH PERFORMANCE APPLICATIONS OF FIBERS 667