CHINA'S STRUGGLE FOR NAVAL DEVELOPMENT bassy in China,becoming vice-consul at Tientsin.He then took his M.A.and Ph.D.at Harvard and is now associate professor of history and chairman of the Asian Studies Program at Hofstra University,Hempstead,Long Island. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS East Asian Research Center Harvard University In gathering the information for this book,I have tried insofar as possible to do my own translating from Chinese sources,but so great was the bulk of material that I have had to rely on expert assistance.In this connection,I deeply appreciate the careful work done by Immanuel C.Y.Hsui,Wai-kam Ho,Kwang-chih Chang, and John B.Liu.Mr.Te-kong Tong also made helpful sugges- tions.I am especially indebted to my friend Hsin-pao Chang, whose untimely death is a loss not only to me but to the commun- ity of scholars. At the East Asian Research Center,Kwang-Ching Liu,Eliza- beth M.Matheson,and Olive Holmes have made most valuable suggestions,Mrs.Matheson in particular helping me to overcome many stylistic grotesqueries.Over many years I have been indebted to John K.Fairbank,scholar,mentor,gentle but persistent critic, and friend. My departmental chairman,Dr.Gerrit P.Judd,painstakingly read the manuscript and excised many cumbersome passages to the profit of the reader. Thanks for further helpful suggestions made by Francelia Mason of Harvard University Press are also most appropriate,and they should include the work of Marjorie Lawlor,who typed the manuscript. Permission from Constable and Company Limited,London,to quote material from Pulling Strings in China by W.F.Tyler (1929)is gratefully acknowledged. Since this volume is dedicated to my wife,I need not reiterate here the great importance of her contribution. June 1,1966 J.L.R. Hofstra University viii ix