CONTENTS I The Traditional Chinese Water Force and Its Failure in the Opium War II China's Delayed Response to the Western Naval Challenge 和 III The Military Self-Strengthening Movement,to 1875 4 IV Li Hung-chang and Naval Development,1875- 1885 63 V Achievements and Problems in the Military Building Effort,1875-1884 96 VI Disaster in the South:The Chinese Navy in the Sino-French War,1884-1885 109 VII Naval Developments after 1885:the Emergence of the Peiyang Fleet 129 VIII Naval Training,1885-1894 154 IX Disaster in the North:Naval Aspects of the Sino- Japanese War,1894-1895 167 X Conclusions 198 NOTES 207 APPENDICES A Table of Organization 243 B Table of Officer Ranks 244 C Ships,1860-1894 246