each ob ject had clearly defined functions, and economic logic 45 the policy of permanence. Even if they had to be repaired now 46, the boots that cost fifty dollars and lasted ten years were less expensive than those that cost ten dollars and lasted only a yea As the general rate of change in society 47, however, the economics of permanence are andmust replaced by the economics of 48. First, advancing technology 49 to lower the costs of manufacture much more rapidly than the cos ts of repair work. This me ans that it often become s cheaper to replace than to repair. It is economically sensible to build cheap unrepairable, throw away objects, 50 they may not last as long as repairable objects. 41. A. Those B. If C. Once D. Whether 42. A. about B. after C D. towards 43. A. facilit B. effici C. durability D. stabilit 44. A. Although B. Unless C. Even if D. As long as 45. A. indicated B dictated C prescribed D. implied 46. A. or later B. or never D. and later 47. A. accelerates B. amplifies C. alternates D. anticipates 48. A. transience B. dominance C. prominence D. endurance 49. A. tempts B. tends C. turns D. tunes 50. A. as if B. and yet C. but then D. even though Part I Reading Comprehension Directions Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil(40 points Passage 1 In a democratic society citizens are encouraged to form their own opinions on candidates individual circumstances, the mass media, special interest groups, and opinion leaders o.e for public office, taxes, constitutional amendments, environmental concerns, foreign policy, an other issues. The opinions held by any population are shaped and manipulated by several factor Weal thy people tend to think differently on social issues from poor people. Factory workers probably do not share the same views as white collar collar, nonunion workers. Women employe outside their homes sometimes have perspectives different from those of full time homemakers. In these and other ways individual status shapes one s view of current events. The mass media, especially television, are powerful influences on the way people think and act. Government officials note how mail from the public tends to"follow the headline Whatever is featured in newspapers and magazines and on television attracts enough attention that people begin to inform themselves and to express opinions The mass media have also created larger audiences for government and a wider range of pubic issues than existed before. Prior to television and the national editions of newspapers, issues and candidates tended to remain localized. In Great Britain and West Germany, for example elections to the national legislatures were usually viewed by voters as local contests. Todays elections are seen as struggles between party leaders and programs. In the United States rad and telev have been beneficial to the presidency. Since the days of Franklin D. Roosevelt and his"fireside chats, presidents have appealed diectly to a national audience over the headseach object had clearly defined functions,and economic logic 45 the policy of permanence.Even if they had to be repaired now 46 ,the boots that cost fifty dollars and lasted ten years were less expensive than those that cost ten dollars and lasted only a year. As the general rate of change in society 47 ,however,the economics of permanence are and must be replaced by the economics of 48 .First,advancing technology 49 to lower the costs of manufacture much more rapidly than the costs of repair work.This means that it often becomes cheaper to replace than to repair.It is economically sensible to build cheap,unrepairable,throw away objects, 50 they may not last as long as repairable objects. 41．A．Those B．If C．Once D．Whether 42．A．about B．after C．on D．towards 43．A．facility B．efficiency C．durability D．stability 44．A．Although B．Unless C．Even if D．As long as 45．A．indicated B．dictated C．prescribed D．implied 46．A．or later B．or never C．and then D．and later 47．A．accelerates B．amplifies C．alternates D．anticipates 48．A．transience B．dominance C．prominence D．endurance 49．A．tempts B．tends C．turns D．tunes 50．A．as if B．and yet C．but then D．even though Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension Directions:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A,B,C and D.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points) Passage 1 In a democratic society citizens are encouraged to form their own opinions on candidates for public office, taxes, constitutional amendments, environmental concerns, foreign policy, and other issues. The opinions held by any population are shaped and manipulated by several factors: individual circumstances, the mass media, special interest groups, and opinion leaders. Wealthy people tend to think differently on social issues from poor people. Factory workers probably do not share the same views as white collar collar, nonunion workers. Women employed outside their homes sometimes have perspectives different from those of full time homemakers. In these and other ways individual status shapes one's view of current events. The mass media, especially television, are powerful influences on the way people think and act. Government officials note how mail from the public tends to“follow the headlines.” Whatever is featured in newspapers and magazines and on television attracts enough attention that people begin to inform themselves and to express opinions. The mass media have also created larger audiences for government and a wider range of pubic issues than existed before. Prior to television and the national editions of newspapers, issues and candidates tended to remain localized. In Great Britain and West Germany, for example, elections to the national legislatures were usually viewed by voters as local contests. Today's elections are seen as struggles between party leaders and programs. In the United States radio and television have been beneficial to the presidency. Since the days of Franklin D.Roosevelt and his“fireside chats,”presidents have appealed diectly to a national audience over the heads