《全国硕士研究生考研英语测试题库》模拟试题[18].doc_大学文库

each ob ject had clearly defined functions, and economic logic 45 the policy of permanence. Even if they had to be repaired now 46, the boots that cost fifty dollars and lasted ten years were less expensive than those that cost ten dollars and lasted only a yea As the general rate of change in society 47, however, the economics of permanence are andmust replaced by the economics of 48. First, advancing technology 49 to lower the costs of manufacture much more rapidly than the cos ts of repair work. This me ans that it often become s cheaper to replace than to repair. It is economically sensible to build cheap unrepairable, throw away objects, 50 they may not last as long as repairable objects. 41. A. Those B. If C. Once D. Whether 42. A. about B. after C D. towards 43. A. facilit B. effici C. durability D. stabilit 44. A. Although B. Unless C. Even if D. As long as 45. A. indicated B dictated C prescribed D. implied 46. A. or later B. or never D. and later 47. A. accelerates B. amplifies C. alternates D. anticipates 48. A. transience B. dominance C. prominence D. endurance 49. A. tempts B. tends C. turns D. tunes 50. A. as if B. and yet C. but then D. even though Part I Reading Comprehension Directions Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil(40 points Passage 1 In a democratic society citizens are encouraged to form their own opinions on candidates individual circumstances, the mass media, special interest groups, and opinion leaders o.e for public office, taxes, constitutional amendments, environmental concerns, foreign policy, an other issues. The opinions held by any population are shaped and manipulated by several factor Weal thy people tend to think differently on social issues from poor people. Factory workers probably do not share the same views as white collar collar, nonunion workers. Women employe outside their homes sometimes have perspectives different from those of full time homemakers. In these and other ways individual status shapes one s view of current events. The mass media, especially television, are powerful influences on the way people think and act. Government officials note how mail from the public tends to"follow the headline Whatever is featured in newspapers and magazines and on television attracts enough attention that people begin to inform themselves and to express opinions The mass media have also created larger audiences for government and a wider range of pubic issues than existed before. Prior to television and the national editions of newspapers, issues and candidates tended to remain localized. In Great Britain and West Germany, for example elections to the national legislatures were usually viewed by voters as local contests. Todays elections are seen as struggles between party leaders and programs. In the United States rad and telev have been beneficial to the presidency. Since the days of Franklin D. Roosevelt and his"fireside chats, presidents have appealed diectly to a national audience over the heads

each object had clearly defined functions,and economic logic 45 the policy of permanence.Even if they had to be repaired now 46 ,the boots that cost fifty dollars and lasted ten years were less expensive than those that cost ten dollars and lasted only a year. As the general rate of change in society 47 ,however,the economics of permanence are and must be replaced by the economics of 48 .First,advancing technology 49 to lower the costs of manufacture much more rapidly than the costs of repair work.This means that it often becomes cheaper to replace than to repair.It is economically sensible to build cheap,unrepairable,throw away objects, 50 they may not last as long as repairable objects. 41．A．Those B．If C．Once D．Whether 42．A．about B．after C．on D．towards 43．A．facility B．efficiency C．durability D．stability 44．A．Although B．Unless C．Even if D．As long as 45．A．indicated B．dictated C．prescribed D．implied 46．A．or later B．or never C．and then D．and later 47．A．accelerates B．amplifies C．alternates D．anticipates 48．A．transience B．dominance C．prominence D．endurance 49．A．tempts B．tends C．turns D．tunes 50．A．as if B．and yet C．but then D．even though Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension Directions:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A,B,C and D.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points) Passage 1 In a democratic society citizens are encouraged to form their own opinions on candidates for public office, taxes, constitutional amendments, environmental concerns, foreign policy, and other issues. The opinions held by any population are shaped and manipulated by several factors: individual circumstances, the mass media, special interest groups, and opinion leaders. Wealthy people tend to think differently on social issues from poor people. Factory workers probably do not share the same views as white collar collar, nonunion workers. Women employed outside their homes sometimes have perspectives different from those of full time homemakers. In these and other ways individual status shapes one's view of current events. The mass media, especially television, are powerful influences on the way people think and act. Government officials note how mail from the public tends to“follow the headlines.” Whatever is featured in newspapers and magazines and on television attracts enough attention that people begin to inform themselves and to express opinions. The mass media have also created larger audiences for government and a wider range of pubic issues than existed before. Prior to television and the national editions of newspapers, issues and candidates tended to remain localized. In Great Britain and West Germany, for example, elections to the national legislatures were usually viewed by voters as local contests. Today's elections are seen as struggles between party leaders and programs. In the United States radio and television have been beneficial to the presidency. Since the days of Franklin D.Roosevelt and his“fireside chats,”presidents have appealed diectly to a national audience over the heads

of Congress to advocate their programs. Special groups spend vast sums annually trying to influence public opinion. Public utilities, for instance, tried to sway public opinion in favor of nuclear power plants. Opposed to them were citizens organizations that lobbied to halt the use of nuclear power During the 1960s the American Medical Association conducted an unsuccessful advertising campaign designed to prevent the passage of medicare. Opinion leaders are usually such prominent public figures as politicians, show busines personalites, and celebrity atheltes. The opinions of these individuals, whether informed and intelligent or not, carry weight with some segments of the population. Some individuals, such as Nobel prizewinners, are suddenly thrust into public view by the media. by quickly reaching a large audience, their views gain a hearing and are perhaps influential in shaping views on complex Issues 51. The second paragraph is mainly about A. the influence of gender on people s view B. the influence of people s status on their view C. the influence of living standard on people s view D. the influence of different ranks on people s view 52. The expression"follow the headlines"shows ple seldom have ewspaper articles B. people think the headlines contain the most important information C. people often get their opinions from newspapers or televisie D. most people look on newspapers or Tv as misleading 53. Which of the following is true according to the passage? A. TV programs have a strong influence on governmental policy. B. Chats on televisions are chief means for running for presidency. C. More and more people show interest in politics because of tv. D. Before the use of Tv, people showed little interest in politics. 54. It is obvious that the opinion of famous people A. is often ignored by the public B. is seldom expressed to the point D. has a strong influence on people To produce the upheaval in the United States that changed and modernized the domain of higher educat ion from the mid 1860s to the mid 1800 s, three primary causes interacted. The emergence of a halfdozen leaders in edcuation provided the personal force that was needed. Moreover an outcry for a fresher, more practical, and more advanced kind of instruction arose among the alumni(k)and friends of nearly all of the old colleges and grew into a movement that overrode ll conservative opposition. The aggressive " Young Yale"movement appeared, demanding partial

of Congress to advocate their programs. Special groups spend vast sums annually trying to influence public opinion. Public utilities, for instance, tried to sway public opinion in favor of nuclear power plants. Opposed to them were citizens' organizations that lobbied to halt the use of nuclear power. During the 1960s the American Medical Association conducted an unsuccessful advertising campaign designed to prevent the passage of medicare. Opinion leaders are usually such prominent public figures as politicians, show business personalites, and celebrity atheltes. The opinions of these individuals, whether informed and intelligent or not, carry weight with some segments of the population. Some individuals, such as Nobel prizewinners, are suddenly thrust into public view by the media. By quickly reaching a large audience, their views gain a hearing and are perhaps influential in shaping views on complex issues. 51. The second paragraph is mainly about _____ . A．the influence of gender on people's view B．the influence of people's status on their view C．the influence of living standard on people's view D．the influence of different ranks on people's view 52. The expression“follow the headlines”shows _____ . A．people seldom have time to read newspaper articles B．people think the headlines contain the most important information C．people often get their opinions from newspapers or television D．most people look on newspapers or TV as misleading 53. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．TV programs have a strong influence on governmental policy. B．Chats on televisions are chief means for running for presidency. C．More and more people show interest in politics because of TV. D．Before the use of TV, people showed little interest in politics. 54. It is obvious that the opinion of famous people _____ . A．is often ignored by the public B．is seldom expressed to the point C．is often imposed on the public D．has a strong influence on people Passage 2 To produce the upheaval in the United States that changed and modernized the domain of higher education from the mid 1860's to the mid 1800's, three primary causes interacted. The emergence of a halfdozen leaders in edcuation provided the personal force that was needed. Moreover, an outcry for a fresher, more practical, and more advanced kind of instruction arose among the alumni(校友)and friends of nearly all of the old colleges and grew into a movement that overrode all conservative opposition. The aggressive“Young Yale”movement appeared, demanding partial

alumni control, a more liberal spirit, and a broader course of study. The graduates of Harvard College simultaneously rallied (#)to relieve the col lege's poverty and demand new enterprise Education was pushing toward higher standards in the east by throwing off church leadership everywhere, and in the West by finding a wider range of studies and a new sense of public duty. The old style classical education received its most crushing blow in the citadel of Harvard College, where Dr Charles eliot, a young captain of thirty five, son of a former treasure of Harvard, led the progressive forces. Five revolutionary advances were made during the first years of Dr. Eliot s administration. they were the elevation and amplification of entrance requirements, the enlargement of the curriculum and the deve l moment of the elective system, the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts, the raising of professional training in law, medicine and the fostering of greater maturity in student life. Standards of admission were sharply advanced in 1872-1873 and 1876-1877. By the appointment of a dean to take charge of student affairs, and a wise handling of discipline, the undergraduates were led to regard themselves more as young gentlemen and less as young animals. One new course of study after another was opened up: science. music, the history of the fine arts, advanced spanish, political economy, physics, classical 55. Which of the following is the author s main purpose in writing the passage? A. To present the history of Harvard College and compare it with that of Yale University B. To criticize the conditions of the U.S. universities in the 19th century C. To describe innovations in the U. S higher education in the latter 1800 D. To introduce wha was happening In ma Jor before the turn of the century. 56. According to the passage, the educational changes were the result of A. plans developed by conservative and church leaders B. efforts of interested individuals to redefine the educational system C. the demands of social organization seeking financial relief D. rallies held by westerners wanting to compete with eastern schools 57. Before the change, Harvard A. was short of financial aid B. offered a narrower range of subjects C. was not strict with its students D. all of the above 58. Form the passage, which of the following can be inferred about Harvard College before progressive changes occurred? A. Admission standards were lower B. Students were younger. C. Classes ended earlier D. Courses were more prac Passage 3

alumni control, a more liberal spirit, and a broader course of study. The graduates of Harvard College simultanceously rallied(聚集)to relieve the college's poverty and demand new enterprise. Education was pushing toward higher standards in the East by throwing off church leadership everywhere, and in the West by finding a wider range of studies and a new sense of public duty. The old style classical education received its most crushing blow in the citadel of Harvard College, where Dr.Charles Eliot, a young captain of thirty five, son of a former treasure of Harvard, led the progressive forces. Five revolutionary advances were made during the first years of Dr. Eliot's administration. They were the elevation and amplification of entrance requirements, the enlargement of the curriculum and the develpoment of the elective system, the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts, the raising of professional training in law, medicine, and the fostering of greater maturity in student life. Standards of admission were sharply advanced in 1872-1873 and 1876-1877.By the appointment of a dean to take charge of student affairs, and a wise handling of discipline, the undergraduates were led to regard themselves more as young gentlemen and less as young animals. One new course of study after another was opened up:science, music, the history of the fine arts, advanced Spanish, political economy, physics, classical philology, and international law. 55. Which of the following is the author's main purpose in writing the passage? A．To present the history of Harvard College and compare it with that of Yale University. B．To criticize the conditions of the U.S. universities in the 19th century. C．To describe innovations in the U.S.higher education in the latter 1800's. D．To introduce what was happening in major U.S.universities before the turn of the century. 56. According to the passage, the educational changes were the result of _____ . A．plans developed by conservative and church leaders B．efforts of interested individuals to redefine the educational system C．the demands of social organization seeking financial relief D．rallies held by westerners wanting to compete with eastern schools 57. Before the change, Harvard _____ . A．was short of financial aid B．offered a narrower range of subjects C．was not strict with its students D．all of the above 58. Form the passage, which of the following can be inferred about Harvard College before progressive changes occurred? A．Admission standards were lower. B．Students were younger. C．Classes ended earlier. D．Courses were more practical. Passage 3

A million years have been added to man s evolutionary history. While anthropologists once estimated the age of Zin janthropus, the earliest toolmaking creature, as more than 600000 years, a recent radioactive dating measurement, based on volcanic rock samples from East Africa, where Zinjanthropus was discovered in 1959, now indicates that this primitive man may have roamed the earth 1750000 years ago. The new date pushes evidence for the emergence of toolmaking one of the two essential attributes of humanity back into the Pliocene Age, and it seems to fit more easil into the picture of human evolution than the 600000 year figure The Zin janthropus was capable of walking erect, so that its hands were freed, and it had abrain large enough to enable it to perform such simple tasks as making primitive cutting tools from anthropolgists see in the creature a type that could be very close to, if not actual ly in, the line of human evolution. The Zinjanthropus must be classified as a man, albeit(s)of a primitive type, because no animal species other than man both makes and uses tools. Anthropologists consider it probable that the larger brain and higher intelligence of modem an evolved as primitive manlike creatures learned to use tools and to communicate by speech the other essential of humanity Such a course of evolution seems more reasonable starting nearly two million years ago than it would at the faster evolutionary pace required if the process starte only a half million years ago. 59. A million years are added to man s past by the A. unearthing(出土) of Zinjanthropus B. discovery of some primitive tools C. dating of rock samples from East Africa D, invention of a radioactive dating process 0. This leads anthropologists to believe that A. the pattern of human evolution was not what has been generally supposed B. the evolutionary pace was faster than was suppose C. primitive intelligence must be reevaluated D. previous theories of human evolution are correct 61. The Zinjanthropus can be called a man because A. it made and used tools B. it walked erect C. its brain cted its toolmaking D. it probably communicated by speech 62. The new date fits the human evolutionary pattern more easily than the old because it A. allows a more reasonable evolutionary pace B. indicates man is younger than was believed C. establishes the existence of man in the pliocene Age D. indicates that man is nearly two million years old Passage 4

A million years have been added to man's evolutionary history.While anthropologists once estimated the age of Zinjanthropus,the earliest toolmaking creature,as more than 600000 years,a recent radioactive dating measurement,based on volcanic rock samples from East Africa,where Zinjanthropus was discovered in 1959,now indicates that this primitive man may have roamed the earth 1750000 years ago.The new date pushes evidence for the emergence of toolmaking one of the two essential attributes of humanity back into the Pliocene Age,and it seems to fit more easily into the picture of human evolution than the 600000 year figure. The Zinjanthropus was capable of walking erect,so that its hands were freed,and it had a brain large enough to enable it to perform such simple tasks as making primitive cutting tools from quartz rock.The Zinjanthropus was not a man of the modern species,homo sapiens,but many anthropolgists see in the creature a type that could be very close to,if not actually in,the line of human evolution.The Zinjanthropus must be classified as a man,albeit(尽管)of a primitive type,because no animal species other than man both makes and uses tools. Anthropologists consider it probable that the larger brain and higher intelligence of modern man evolved as primitive manlike creatures learned to use tools and to communicate by speech the other essential of humanity.Such a course of evolution seems more reasonable starting nearly two million years ago than it would at the faster evolutionary pace required if the process started only a half million years ago. 59. A million years are added to man's past by the _____ . A．unearthing(出土)of Zinjanthropus B．discovery of some primitive tools C．dating of rock samples from East Africa D．invention of a radioactive dating process 60. This leads anthropologists to believe that _____ . A．the pattern of human evolution was not what has been generally supposed B．the evolutionary pace was faster than was supposed C．primitive intelligence must be reevaluated D．previous theories of human evolution are correct 61. The Zinjanthropus can be called a man because _____ . A.it made and used tools B.it walked erect C.its brain directed its toolmaking D.it probably communicated by speech 62. The new date fits the human evolutionary pattern more easily than the old because it _____ . A．allows a more reasonable evolutionary pace B．indicates man is younger than was believed C．establishes the existence of man in the Pliocene Age D．indicates that man is nearly two million years old Passage 4