《全国硕士研究生考研英语测试题库》模拟试题[14].doc_大学文库

underutilization"of research has received a surge of new attention of the social scientists al though the field has had citations increase fifty fold in the twenty years 50 1976 41. A. effect B. point C. contrary D. advantage 42. A. accuse B. object C. testify D complain C. at B. confirm C. contend D. conceive 45. A. being b. to be C. has been D. which is 46. A. fascinated B. overwhe lmed C. terrified D. frustrated 47. A. if B. once C. that D. whenever 48. A. With B. Despit C. Lest cause 49.A th B. within C. without D 50. A. prior previous C. preceding D. precedent Part In Readling Comprehension four answers marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter the brackets with a pencil.(40 The traditional distinction between products that satisfy needs and those that satisfy nts is no longer adequate to describe classes of products. In today s prosperous societies the distinction has become blurred because so many wants have been turned into needs. a writer, fc instance, can work with paper and pencils. These are legitimate needs for the task. But the work can be done more quickly and efficiently with a word processor. Thus a computer is soon viewed as a need rather than a want In the field of marketing, consumer goods are classed according to the way in which they are purchased. The two main categories are convenience goods and shopping goods. Two lesser types are specialty goods and unsought goods. It must be emphasized that all of these types are based on the way shoppers think about products, not on the nature of the products themselves. What is egarded as a convenience item in France(wine, for example)may be a specialty good in the United States People do not spend a great deal of time shopping for such convenience items as groceries, newspapers, toothpaste, razor blades, aspirin, and candy. The buying of convenience goods may be done routinely, as some families buy groceries once a week. Such regularly purchased item are called staples. Sometimes convenience products are bought on impulse: someone has a sudde desire for an ice cream sundae on a hot day. Or they may be purchased as emergency items Shopping goods are items for which customers search. They compare prices, quality, and styles, and may visit a number of stores before making a decision. Buying an automobile is often done this way. hopping goods fall into two classes: those that are perceived as basically the same and those that are regarded as different. Items that are looked upon as basically the include such things as home appliances, television sets, and automobiles. Having decided on the model desired, the customer is primarily interested in getting the item at the most favorable price. Items regarded as inherently different include clothing, furniture, and dishes. Quality, style, and

“underutilization”of research has received a surge of new attention of the social scientists although the field has had citations increase fifty fold in the twenty years 50 1976． 41．A．effect B．point C．contrary D．advantage 42．A．accuse B．object C．testify D．complain 43．A．is B．of C．at D．very 44．A．cite B．confirm C．contend D．conceive 45．A．being B．to be C．has been D．which is 46．A．fascinated B．overwhelmed C．terrified D．frustrated 47．A．if B．once C．that D．whenever 48．A．With B．Despite C．Lest D．Because of 49．A．with B．within C．without D．away with 50．A．prior B．previous C．preceding D．precedent Part Ⅲ Readling Comprehension Directions:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A,B,C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points) Passage 1 The traditional distinction between products that satisfy needs and those that satisfy wants is no longer adequate to describe classes of products. In today's prosperous societies the distinction has become blurred because so many wants have been turned into needs. A writer, for instance, can work with paper and pencils. These are legitimate needs for the task. But the work can be done more quickly and efficiently with a word processor. Thus a computer is soon viewed as a need rather than a want. In the field of marketing, consumer goods are classed according to the way in which they are purchased. The two main categories are convenience goods and shopping goods. Two lesser types are specialty goods and unsought goods. It must be emphasized that all of these types are based on the way shoppers think about products, not on the nature of the products themselves. What is regarded as a convenience item in France(wine, for example)may be a specialty good in the United States. People do not spend a great deal of time shopping for such convenience items as groceries, newspapers, toothpaste, razor blades, aspirin, and candy. The buying of convenience goods may be done routinely, as some families buy groceries once a week. Such regularly purchased items are called staples. Sometimes convenience products are bought on impulse: someone has a sudden desire for an ice cream sundae on a hot day. Or they may be purchased as emergency items. Shopping goods are items for which customers search. They compare prices, quality, and styles, and may visit a number of stores before making a decision. Buying an automobile is often done this way. Shopping goods fall into two classes:those that are perceived as basically the same and those that are regarded as different. Items that are looked upon as basically the same include such things as home appliances, television sets, and automobiles. Having decided on the model desired, the customer is primarily interested in getting the item at the most favorable price. Items regarded as inherently different include clothing, furniture, and dishes. Quality, style, and

fashion will either take precedence over price, or they will not matter at all. pecialty goods have characteristics that impel customers to make special efforts to find them. Price may be no consideration at all. Specialty goods can inc lude al most any kind of product. Normally, specialty goods have a brand name or other distinguishing characteristics Unsought goods are items a consumer does not necessarily want or need or may not even know about Promotion or advertising brings such goods to the consumers attention. The product could be some thing new on the market as the Sony Walkman once was or it may be a fairly standard service, such as life insurance, for which most people will usually not bother shopping 51. A word processor can be looked on as satisfying a need rather than a want if A. it is used at home to do paper work B. it is used by a wri C. it becomes the only means to an end D a writer does not want to use it 2. Staples (in the third paragraph) are commodities A that people are in constant need of B that people do not really want C that people want but don t need D that are convenient to purchase 53. Shopping goods that are considered as basically the same are those A that satisfy similar needs of the consumer B that consumers don t care where to buy them C that consumers spend much time to look f D that can be found in nearly every shop 54. Unsought goods A. h to b B have to be standardized C. ha D have to be sent to consumers s homes Passage 2 The listener has a given amount of energy to expend in completing the communication process. ny distraction that demands part of that energy will diminish the probability that communication will take place. One of the easiest distractions to eliminate is the too soft voice. You will find it necessary to adjust your voice to accommodate the size of the room, the number of people the audience, the furnishings, and the ambient noise level. The desired level is one that seems slightly greater than that normally heard in conversation. If the room is large and filled with people, you will have to put an appropriate mount of power in your voice to be easily heard. In some cases, you may require electronic amplification, which will usually enable you to speak in an ordinary conversational ton Furnishings such as heavy carpets and drapes absorb a good deal of sound, thereby creating

fashion will either take precedence over price,or they will not matter at all. Specialty goods have characteristics that impel customers to make special efforts to find them. Price may be no consideration at all. Specialty goods can include almost any kind of product. Normally,specialty goods have a brand name or other distinguishing characteristics. Unsought goods are items a consumer does not necessarily want or need or may not even know about.Promotion or advertising brings such goods to the consumer's attention. The product could be something new on the market as the Sony Walkman once was or it may be a fairly standard service, such as life insurance,for which most people will usually not bother shopping. 51. A word processor can be looked on as satisfying a need rather than a want if _____ . A.it is used at home to do paper work B.it is used by a writer to type a novel C.it becomes the only means to an end D.a writer does not want to use it 52. Staples(in the third paragraph) are commodities _____ . A.that people are in constant need of B.that people do not really want C.that people want but don't need D.that are convenient to purchase 53. Shopping goods that are considered as basically the same are those _____ . A.that satisfy similar needs of the consumer B.that consumers don't care where to buy them C.that consumers spend much time to look for D.that can be found in nearly every shop 54. Unsought goods _____ . A.have to be new B.have to be standardized C.have to be promoted D.have to be sent to consumers'ｓ homes Passage 2 The listener has a given amount of energy to expend in completing the communication process. Any distraction that demands part of that energy will diminish the probability that communication will take place.One of the easiest distractions to eliminate is the too soft voice. You will find it necessary to adjust your voice level to accommodate the size of the room,the number of people in the audience, the furnishings, and the ambient noise level. The desired level is one that seems slightly greater than that normally heard in conversation.If the room is large and filled with people, you will have to put an appropriate amount of power in your voice to be easily heard. In some cases, you may require electronic amplification, which will usually enable you to speak in an ordinary conversational tone. Furnishings such as heavy carpets and drapes absorb a good deal of sound, thereby creating

a deadening effect on the speakers voice. You should be able to judge the effects of the furnishings after speaking the first few sentences. You can then modify your voice level as necessary to account for any sound absorbing material The ambient noise in the room may be made up of motor sounds from and overhead pro jector, airconditioning outside traffic, etc. y find it necessary to vary your voice level at times to adjust for changes in the ambient Finally, you should be aware of cues from members of the audience who may communicate by bod language an inability to hear what you are saying. 55. This passage is mainly concerned with A. the communcation between a speaker and the audience B. the use of body language in addressing an audience C. various distractions of a speaker from the speech D. the appropriate use of voice level in public speech 56. The second sentence in the first paragraph intends to render the idea that A. distractions will render communication unlikely to happen B. attention to the audience in public speech is most important C. it takes great effort to overcome any distraction in public communication D. it is impossible to communicate when the audience are distracted from the speech 57. The second paragraph points out that it is important for a speaker A. to speak in an ordinary conversational tone B, to use electronic amplification in a large room C. to speak in a loud voice as in conversation D. to adapt voice level to the size of the room 58. According to the passage in the course of speaking, a speaker should A. use overhead pro jectors to help him B. pay enough attention to the audiences reaction C. raise voice level to create special effect D. ignore any distraction from the environment ssage Designing a lens can be compared to playing chess. In chess a player tries to trap his opponents king in a series of moves. On creating a lens, lens designers attempts to " trap"light by forcing all the rays arising from a single point in the sub ject to converge on a single point in the image, as a consequence of their passing through a series of transparent elements with precisely curved surfaces. Since in both cases the ultimate goal and the means by which it can be attained are known, one is tempted to think there will gle best decision at any point llong the way The number of possible consequences flowing from any one decision is so large however, as to be virtually, if not actually, infinite. Therefore in lens design, as in ches perfect solutions to a problem are beyond reach. The same principles apply to all lenses. The lens designer has one enormous advantage over the chess player The designer is free to

a deadening effect on the speaker's voice. You should be able to judge the effects of the furnishings after speaking the first few sentences. You can then modify your voice level as necessary to account for any sound absorbing material. The ambient noise in the room may be made up of motor sounds from and overhead projector, airconditioning ,outside traffic, etc. You may find it necessary to vary your voice level at times to adjust for changes in the ambient noise level. Finally,you should be aware of cues from members of the audience who may communicate by body language an inability to hear what you are saying. 55. This passage is mainly concerned with _____ . A．the communcation between a speaker and the audience B．the use of body language in addressing an audience C．various distractions of a speaker from the speech D．the appropriate use of voice level in public speech 56. The second sentence in the first paragraph intends to render the idea that _____ . A．distractions will render communication unlikely to happen B．attention to the audience in public speech is most important C．it takes great effort to overcome any distraction in public communication D．it is impossible to communicate when the audience are distracted from the speech 57. The second paragraph points out that it is important for a speaker _____ . A．to speak in an ordinary conversational tone B．to use electronic amplification in a large room C．to speak in a loud voice as in conversation D．to adapt voice level to the size of the room 58. According to the passage, in the course of speaking, a speaker should _____ . A．use overhead projectors to help him B．pay enough attention to the audience's reaction C．raise voice level to create special effect D．ignore any distraction from the environment Passage 3 Designing a lens can be compared to playing chess.In chess a player tries to trap his opponent's king in a series of moves. On creating a lens, lens designers attempts to “trap”light by forcing all the rays arising from a single point in the subject to converge on a single point in the image,as a consequence of their passing through a series of transparent elements with precisely curved surfaces. Since in both cases the ultimate goal and the means by which it can be attained are known, one is tempted to think there will be a single best decision at any point along the way.The number of possible consequences flowing from any one decision is so large, however, as to be virtually, if not actually, infinite. Therefore in lens design, as in chess, perfect solutions to a problem are beyond reach. The same principles apply to all lenses. The lens designer has one enormous advantage over the chess player. The designer is free to

call on any available source of help to guide him through the countless number of possibilities. Most of that help once came from mathematics and physics, but recently computer echnology, information theory, chemistry, industral engineering and psychophysics have all contributed to making the designers job immeasurably more productive. Some of the lenses on the market today were inconceivable a decade ago. Others whose design is as much as a century old can now be mass produced at low cost. With the deve lopment of automatic production me thods lenses are made by the millions, both out of glass and out of plastics. Todays lenses are bette than the best lenses used by the great photographers of the past. Moreover, their price may be lower, in spite of fact that the 19th century craftsmen worked for only a few dollars a week and todays lenses are more complex. The lens desigher cannot fail to be grateful for the science and techno logy that have made his work easier and his creations more widely available, but he is also humbled; it is no longer practical for a fine photographic lens to be designed from beginning to end by a single human mind 59. In what way does lens design resemble chess? A In the number of ch takes towards the B. In the designs of the two activities. C The steps to the goals and the goal itself are known D. Each has a doer and a competi 0. In lens desi A. it is completely impossible to pre set the best steps along the way B. it ys very Ive any probl C. one can work out a best solution to problems in each step D. there are countless steps towards the final goal esigner A can put his design to mass production. B can draw on various sources in his work C can reduce the cost of lens production D has no one to train him before taking up the work 62. A lens designer in the past A did their work better B did not use glass for making lenses sually poor D designed the lens all by himself Passage 4 A question that health conscious consumers may ask when buying produce is whether they are free of pesticides. But currently, there is no federal standard for pesticide free organically grown"foods foods grown without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. The result, says U. S. Senate Agriculture Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy, is that consumers "too often see confusing and unsubstantiated claims such as‘ organically grown’and‘ natural’

call on any available source of help to guide him through the countless number of possibilities.Most of that help once came from mathematics and physics, but recently computer technology,information theory, chemistry, industral engineering and psychophysics have all contributed to making the designer's job immeasurably more productive. Some of the lenses on the market today were inconceivable a decade ago. Others whose design is as much as a century old can now be mass produced at low cost. With the development of automatic production methods, lenses are made by the millions, both out of glass and out of plastics. Today's lenses are better than the best lenses used by the great photographers of the past. Moreover, their price may be lower, in spite of fact that the 19th century craftsmen worked for only a few dollars a week and today's lenses are more complex. The lens desigher cannot fail to be grateful for the science and technology that have made his work easier and his creations more widely available, but he is also humbled:it is no longer practical for a fine photographic lens to be designed from beginning to end by a single human mind. 59. In what way does lens design resemble chess? A.In the number of steps each takes towards the goal. B.In the designs of the two activities. C.The steps to the goals and the goal itself are known. D.Each has a doer and a competitor. 60. In lens design, _____ . A.it is completely impossible to pre set the best steps along the way B.it is always very hard to solve any problems C.one can work out a best solution to problems in each step D.there are countless steps towards the final goal 61. Compared with a chess player,lens designer _____ . A.can put his design to mass production. B.can draw on various sources in his work C.can reduce the cost of lens production D.has no one to train him before taking up the work 62. A lens designer in the past _____ . A.did their work better B.did not use glass for making lenses C.was usually poor D.designed the lens all by himself Passage 4 A question that health conscious consumers may ask when buying produce is whether they are free of pesticides. But currently, there is no federal standard for pesticide free “organically grown”foods foods grown without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. The result, says U.S. Senate Agriculture Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy, is that consumers “too often see confusing and unsubstantiated claims such as ‘organically grown’and ‘natural’