《全国硕士研究生考研英语测试题库》考研英语模拟试题[31].doc_大学文库

Part ii Cloze Test Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices labelled A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and put your choice on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points) Every day, hundreds of thousands of social scientists go to work. Meanwhile, most of the rest of the world believes that social science is frivolous(不重要的、无意义的) and useless. More t the 41, even those in government and business who sometimes hope to use research frequently 42 that social science is irrelevant, incomprehensible or 43 low quality. Researchers are usually unable to 44 specific instances of their work 45 used. Social scientists are 46 that their work is not used as they think it should be, and dismayed 47 they do not share the social respect of natural scientists. Sometimes this situation may endanger research funds. 48 their economies in trouble, nations like the U.S. and Britain have begun to decide that social science is a luxury that they can do 49. As a result, the al though the field has had citations increase fifty fold in the twenty years 50 9 tists underutilization"of research has received a surge of new at tention of the social scie 41. A. effect B. point C. contrary D. advantag 42. A. accuse B. object C. testify D. complain 43. A. is B. of C. at D. very 44.A. cite b. confirm c. contend d. conceive 45. A. being b. to be C. has been D. which is 46, A. fascinated B. overwhelmed C. terrified D. frustrated 47, A. if B. once c. that d. whenever 48. A. With B. Despite C. Lest D. Because of 49. A. with B. within C. without D. away with 50. A. prior B. previous C. preceding D. precedent Part lI Readling Comprehension Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter n the brackets with a pencil(40 points Passage 1 The traditional distinction between products that satisfy needs and those that satisfy wants is no longer adequate to describe classes of products. In today 's prosperous societies the distinction has become blurred because so many wants have been turned into needs. A writer, for instance, can work with paper and pencils. These are legitimate needs for the task. But the work an be done more quickly and efficiently with a word processor. Thus a computer is soon viewed as a need rather than a want In the field of marketing, consumer goods are classed according to the way in which they are purchased. The two main categories are convenience goods and shopping goods. Two lesser types are specialty goods and unsought goods. It must be emphasized that all of these types are based on the way shoppers think about products, not on the nature of the products themselves. What is regarded as a convenience item in France(wine, for example)may be a specialty good in the United States People do not spend a great deal of time shopping for such convenience items as groceries, newspapers, toothpaste, razor blades, aspirin, and candy. The buying of convenience goods may be done routinely, as some families buy groceries once a week. Such regularly purchased items are called staples. Sometimes convenience products are bought on impulse: someone has a sudden desire for an ice cream sundae on a hot day. Or they may be purchased as emergency items. Shopping goods are items for which customers search. They compare prices, quality, and styles, and may visit a number of stores before making a decision. Buying an automobile is often done this way. ping goods fall into two classes: those that are perceived as basically the same and those are regarded as different. Items that are looked upon as basically the same include such

Part II Cloze Test Directions:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices labelled A,B,C and D.Choose the best one and put your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) Every day, hundreds of thousands of social scientists go to work. Meanwhile, most of the rest of the world believes that social science is frivolous (不重要的、无意义的)and useless. More to the 41 ，even those in government and business who sometimes hope to use research frequently 42 that social science is irrelevant,incomprehensible or 43 low quality. Researchers are usually unable to 44 specific instances of their work 45 used. Social scientists are 46 that their work is not used as they think it should be, and dismayed 47 they do not share the social respect of natural scientists. Sometimes this situation may endanger research funds. 48 their economies in trouble,nations like the U.S. and Britain have begun to decide that social science is a luxury that they can do 49 .As a result, the “underutilization”of research has received a surge of new attention of the social scientists although the field has had citations increase fifty fold in the twenty years 50 1976． 41．A．effect B．point C．contrary D．advantage 42．A．accuse B．object C．testify D．complain 43．A．is B．of C．at D．very 44．A．cite B．confirm C．contend D．conceive 45．A．being B．to be C．has been D．which is 46．A．fascinated B．overwhelmed C．terrified D．frustrated 47．A．if B．once C．that D．whenever 48．A．With B．Despite C．Lest D．Because of 49．A．with B．within C．without D．away with 50．A．prior B．previous C．preceding D．precedent Part Ⅲ Readling Comprehension Directions:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A,B,C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points) Passage 1 The traditional distinction between products that satisfy needs and those that satisfy wants is no longer adequate to describe classes of products. In today's prosperous societies the distinction has become blurred because so many wants have been turned into needs. A writer, for instance, can work with paper and pencils. These are legitimate needs for the task. But the work can be done more quickly and efficiently with a word processor. Thus a computer is soon viewed as a need rather than a want. In the field of marketing, consumer goods are classed according to the way in which they are purchased. The two main categories are convenience goods and shopping goods. Two lesser types are specialty goods and unsought goods. It must be emphasized that all of these types are based on the way shoppers think about products, not on the nature of the products themselves. What is regarded as a convenience item in France(wine, for example)may be a specialty good in the United States. People do not spend a great deal of time shopping for such convenience items as groceries, newspapers, toothpaste, razor blades, aspirin, and candy. The buying of convenience goods may be done routinely, as some families buy groceries once a week. Such regularly purchased items are called staples. Sometimes convenience products are bought on impulse: someone has a sudden desire for an ice cream sundae on a hot day. Or they may be purchased as emergency items. Shopping goods are items for which customers search. They compare prices, quality, and styles, and may visit a number of stores before making a decision. Buying an automobile is often done this way. Shopping goods fall into two classes:those that are perceived as basically the same and those that are regarded as different. Items that are looked upon as basically the same include such

things as home appliances, television sets, and automobiles. Having decided on the model desired, the cus tomer is primarily interested in getting the item at the most favorable price. Items regarded as inherently different include clothing, furniture, and dishes. Quality, style, and fashion will either take precedence over price, or they will not matter at all. Specialty goods have characteristics that impel cus tomers to make special efforts to find them. Price may be no consideration at all. Specialty goods can include almost any kind of product. Normally, specialty goods have a brand name or other distinguishing characteristics. Unsought goods are items a consumer does not necessarily want or need or may not even know about Promotion or advertising brings such goods to the consumer s attention. The product could be some thing new on the market as the Sony Walkman once was or it may be a fairly standard service, such as life insurance, for which most people will usually not bother shopping. A word processor can be looked on as satisfying a need rather than a want if A. it is used at home to do paper work B. it is used by a writer to type a novel becomes the only means to an end D a writer does not want to use it Staples (in the third paragraph) are commodities A that people are in constant need of B that people do not really want C that people want but don t need D that are convenient to purchase Shopping goods that are considered as basically the same are those A that satisfy similar needs of the consumer B that consumers don t care where to buy them C that consumers spend much time to look for D that can be found in nearly every shop Unsought good A have to be B have to be standardized C have to be promote D have to be sent to consumers s homes Passage 2 The listener has a given amount of energy to expend in completing the communication process. Any distraction that demands part of that energy will diminish the probability that communication ill take place. One of the easiest distractions to eliminate is the too soft voice. You will find it necessary to adjust your voice level to accommodate the size of the room, the number of people in the audience, the furnishings, and the ambient noise level. The desired level is one that seems slightly greater than that normally heard in conversation. If in your voice to be easily heard. In some cases, you may require electronin ate amount of power ill usually enable you to speak in an ordinary conversational tone. Furnishings such as heavy carpets and drapes absorb a good deal of sound, thereby creating a deadening effect on the speaker s voice, You should be able to judge the effects of the furnishings after speaking the first few sentences. You can then modify your voice level as necessary to account for any sound absorbing material The ambient noise in the room may be made up of motor sounds from and overhead projector airconditioning, outside traffic, etc. You may find it necessary to vary your voice level at times

things as home appliances, television sets, and automobiles. Having decided on the model desired, the customer is primarily interested in getting the item at the most favorable price. Items regarded as inherently different include clothing, furniture, and dishes. Quality, style, and fashion will either take precedence over price,or they will not matter at all. Specialty goods have characteristics that impel customers to make special efforts to find them. Price may be no consideration at all. Specialty goods can include almost any kind of product. Normally,specialty goods have a brand name or other distinguishing characteristics. Unsought goods are items a consumer does not necessarily want or need or may not even know about.Promotion or advertising brings such goods to the consumer's attention. The product could be something new on the market as the Sony Walkman once was or it may be a fairly standard service, such as life insurance,for which most people will usually not bother shopping. A word processor can be looked on as satisfying a need rather than a want if _____ . A.it is used at home to do paper work B.it is used by a writer to type a novel C.it becomes the only means to an end D.a writer does not want to use it Staples(in the third paragraph) are commodities _____ . A.that people are in constant need of B.that people do not really want C.that people want but don't need D.that are convenient to purchase Shopping goods that are considered as basically the same are those _____ . A.that satisfy similar needs of the consumer B.that consumers don't care where to buy them C.that consumers spend much time to look for D.that can be found in nearly every shop Unsought goods _____ . A.have to be new B.have to be standardized C.have to be promoted D.have to be sent to consumers'ｓ homes Passage 2 The listener has a given amount of energy to expend in completing the communication process. Any distraction that demands part of that energy will diminish the probability that communication will take place.One of the easiest distractions to eliminate is the too soft voice. You will find it necessary to adjust your voice level to accommodate the size of the room,the number of people in the audience, the furnishings, and the ambient noise level. The desired level is one that seems slightly greater than that normally heard in conversation.If the room is large and filled with people, you will have to put an appropriate amount of power in your voice to be easily heard. In some cases, you may require electronic amplification, which will usually enable you to speak in an ordinary conversational tone. Furnishings such as heavy carpets and drapes absorb a good deal of sound, thereby creating a deadening effect on the speaker's voice. You should be able to judge the effects of the furnishings after speaking the first few sentences. You can then modify your voice level as necessary to account for any sound absorbing material. The ambient noise in the room may be made up of motor sounds from and overhead projector, airconditioning ,outside traffic, etc. You may find it necessary to vary your voice level at times to adjust for changes in the ambient noise level

Finally, you should be aware of cues from members of the audience who may communicate by body language an inability to hear what you are saying. This passage is mainly concerned with A. the communcation between a speaker and the audience B. the use of body language in addressing an audience C. various distractions of a speaker from the speech D. the appropriate use of voice level in public speech The second sentence in the first paragraph intends to render the idea that A. distractions will render communication unlikely to happen B. attention to the audience in public speech is most important C. it takes great effort to overcome any distraction in public communication D. it is impossible to communicate when the audience are distracted from the speech The second paragraph points out that it is important for a speaker A. to speak in an ordinary conversational tone B. to use electronic amplification in a large room C. to speak in a loud voice as in conversation D. to adapt voice level to the size of the room According to the passage, in the course of speaking, a speaker should A. use overhead projectors to help him B. pay enough attention to the audience s reaction C. raise voice level to create special effect gnore any distraction from the environm Passage 3 Designing a lens can be compared to playing chess. In chess a player tries to trap his opponents king in a series of moves On creating a lens, lens designers attempts to "trap" light by forcing all the rays arising from a single point in the subject to converge on a single point in the image,as a consequence of their passing through a series of transparent elements with precisely curved surfaces. Since in both cases the ultimate goal and the means by which it can be attained are known, one is tempted to think there will be a single best decision at any point along the way. The number of possible consequences flowing from any one decision is so large, however, as to be virtually, if not actually, infinite. Therefore in lens design, as in chess, perfect solutions to a problem are beyond reach. The same principles apply to all lenses. The lens designer has one enormous advantage over the chess player. The designer is free to call on any available source of help to guide him through the countless number of possibilities. Most of that help once came from mathematics and physics, but recently computer technology, information theory, chemistry, industral engineering and psychophysics have all contributed to making the designers job immeasurably more productive. Some of the lenses on the market today were conceivable a decade ago. Others whose design is as much as a century old can now be mass by the millions, both out of glass and out of plastics. Todays lenses are better thay are made produced at low cost. With the development of automatic production methods, lenses best lenses used by the great photographers of the past. Moreover, their price may be lower, in spite of fact that the 19th century craftsmen worked for only a few dollars a week and today s lenses are more complex. The lens desigher cannot fail to be grateful for the science and technology that have made his work easier and his creations more widely available, but he is also humbled: it is no longer practical for a fine photographic lens to be designed from beginning to end by a single human mind In what way does lens design resemble chess? A In the number of steps each takes towards the goal

Finally,you should be aware of cues from members of the audience who may communicate by body language an inability to hear what you are saying. This passage is mainly concerned with _____ . A．the communcation between a speaker and the audience B．the use of body language in addressing an audience C．various distractions of a speaker from the speech D．the appropriate use of voice level in public speech The second sentence in the first paragraph intends to render the idea that _____ . A．distractions will render communication unlikely to happen B．attention to the audience in public speech is most important C．it takes great effort to overcome any distraction in public communication D．it is impossible to communicate when the audience are distracted from the speech The second paragraph points out that it is important for a speaker _____ . A．to speak in an ordinary conversational tone B．to use electronic amplification in a large room C．to speak in a loud voice as in conversation D．to adapt voice level to the size of the room According to the passage, in the course of speaking, a speaker should _____ . A．use overhead projectors to help him B．pay enough attention to the audience's reaction C．raise voice level to create special effect D．ignore any distraction from the environment Passage 3 Designing a lens can be compared to playing chess.In chess a player tries to trap his opponent's king in a series of moves. On creating a lens, lens designers attempts to “trap”light by forcing all the rays arising from a single point in the subject to converge on a single point in the image,as a consequence of their passing through a series of transparent elements with precisely curved surfaces. Since in both cases the ultimate goal and the means by which it can be attained are known, one is tempted to think there will be a single best decision at any point along the way.The number of possible consequences flowing from any one decision is so large, however, as to be virtually, if not actually, infinite. Therefore in lens design, as in chess, perfect solutions to a problem are beyond reach. The same principles apply to all lenses. The lens designer has one enormous advantage over the chess player. The designer is free to call on any available source of help to guide him through the countless number of possibilities.Most of that help once came from mathematics and physics, but recently computer technology,information theory, chemistry, industral engineering and psychophysics have all contributed to making the designer's job immeasurably more productive. Some of the lenses on the market today were inconceivable a decade ago. Others whose design is as much as a century old can now be mass produced at low cost. With the development of automatic production methods, lenses are made by the millions, both out of glass and out of plastics. Today's lenses are better than the best lenses used by the great photographers of the past. Moreover, their price may be lower, in spite of fact that the 19th century craftsmen worked for only a few dollars a week and today's lenses are more complex. The lens desigher cannot fail to be grateful for the science and technology that have made his work easier and his creations more widely available, but he is also humbled:it is no longer practical for a fine photographic lens to be designed from beginning to end by a single human mind. In what way does lens design resemble chess? A.In the number of steps each takes towards the goal

B In the designs of the two activities. C The steps to the goals and the goal itself are known. D. Each has a doer and a competitor. A. it is completely impossible to pre set the best steps along the way B. it is always very hard to solve any problems C. one can work out a best solution to problems in each step D. there are countless steps towards the final goal Compared with a chess player, lens designer B can draw on various sources in his work can reduce the cost of lens production D has no one to train him before taking up the work A lens designer in the past A did their work better B did not use glass for making lenses C was usually poor D designed the lens all by himself A question that health ous consumers may ask when buying produce is whether they are free of pesticides. But currently, there is no federal standard for pesticide free " organically grown" foodsfoods grown without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. The result, says U. S. Senate Agriculture Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy, is that consumers " too often see confusing and unsubstantiated claims such as‘ organically grown’and‘ natural’ Currently, 22 states have some kind of certification program or at least requirements for third party certification. Look for the words"certified organically grown"or similar wording. In most cases, that means that no synthetic pesticides have been used in three years and that no synthetic fertilizers have been used in two or three years. Even if your state does not have its own program, you may have seen organically grown produce in the marketplace. If you want to know exactly what that means, ask the store s manager or the produce buyer about how the store s organic produce Legislation to establish a natural standard for organically grown produce is making its way through Congress. The U. S. Department of Agriculture would be responsible for the certification program The legislation also would establish standards for processed foods claiming organic ingredients But in the meantime, if you want to be certain that the produce you eat is pesticide free, you have two options. You can buy your fruits and vegetables from someone you know or you can grow your own. The passage implies that A. there is really no organically grown produce yet B. some foods are falsely labeled C. some states are slow in making laws concerned D. each state should stop certifying certain foods If certain kind of food is labeled as "certi ically",it should mean that A. the food is grown without any chemicals and B. it is certified in the state in which it is grown C. it is certified by the U. S. Department of Agriculture D. no synthetic pesticides or fertilizers have been used on them over a certain period of time

B.In the designs of the two activities. C.The steps to the goals and the goal itself are known. D.Each has a doer and a competitor. In lens design, _____ . A.it is completely impossible to pre set the best steps along the way B.it is always very hard to solve any problems C.one can work out a best solution to problems in each step D.there are countless steps towards the final goal Compared with a chess player,lens designer _____ . A.can put his design to mass production. B.can draw on various sources in his work C.can reduce the cost of lens production D.has no one to train him before taking up the work A lens designer in the past _____ . A.did their work better B.did not use glass for making lenses C.was usually poor D.designed the lens all by himself Passage 4 A question that health conscious consumers may ask when buying produce is whether they are free of pesticides. But currently, there is no federal standard for pesticide free “organically grown”foods foods grown without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. The result, says U.S. Senate Agriculture Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy, is that consumers “too often see confusing and unsubstantiated claims such as ‘organically grown’and ‘natural’”. Currently, 22 states have some kind of certification program or at least requirements for third party certification. Look for the words “certified organically grown”or similar wording. In most cases, that means that no synthetic pesticides have been used in three years and that no synthetic fertilizers have been used in two or three years. Even if your state does not have its own program, you may have seen organically grown produce in the marketplace. If you want to know exactly what that means, ask the store's manager or the produce buyer about how the store's “organic” produce was grown. Legislation to establish a natural standard for organically grown produce is making its way through Congress. The U．S. Department of Agriculture would be responsible for the certification program. The legislation also would establish standards for processed foods claiming organic ingredients. But in the meantime, if you want to be certain that the produce you eat is pesticide free,you have two options. You can buy your fruits and vegetables from someone you know or you can grow your own. The passage implies that _____ ． A．there is really no organically grown produce yet B．some foods are falsely labeled C．some states are slow in making laws concerned D．each state should stop certifying certain foods If certain kind of food is labeled as “certified organically”,it should mean that _____ ． A．the food is grown without any chemicals and is natural B．it is certified in the state in which it is grown C．it is certified by the U．S． Department of Agriculture D．no synthetic pesticides or fertilizers have been used on them over a certain period of time

The author advises consumers to A. look for foods with such words as "certified organically grown B. grow their own food without synthetic chemicals C. buy foods from a seller they often deal with D. make sure the foods are pesticide free before buying them Legislation to set up a standard for organically grown produce A. is being debated in the Congress B. has come into effect C. is in the charge of the U. S. Department of Agriculture D. is delayed due to disagreement in Congress Angyal described the case of a man with a domineering father who showed extreme swings of mood in relation to his son. At times, he was affectionate, played with the child, and told him interesting and imaginative stories. At other times he showed violent outbursts of rage and would beat his son so badly that the child thought he would be killed. The boy had numerous fantasies. including one in which his father was killed by a cunning bandit who came to the house cleverly disguised as the father. As Angyal put it, the fantasy dramatized the childs confusion as to whether he was living in a loving house or in a cruel, alien world that merely masqueraded as pleasant. The fantasy was aimed at dispelling his confusion about the father, whose behaviour made him both God and devil But this daydream, implying the murder and loss of the underlying good father, was unacceptable to the boy and failed to solve his doubts. He began to behave compulsively, such as making sure when out walking to step only on stones and never to walk on the bare earth a magical hope of resolving his confusion. Once as he walked in the backyard he ran out of stones to step on and uddenly stood stuck still on the last stone between the yard and his rear steps. He stayed there for an hour until finally his father came and picked him up, freeing him from his immobility. Once the boy overheard his father saying "I live only for the family " only to hear his grandfather say: "No, you only live for yourself! All of these seeming contradictions made the boy grow into a man endlessly shifting back and forth between positions, unable to take a stand except on irrelevant and unimportant issues in daily life. yal explained the boy s fantasy as A. his wish to kill his father B. his eagerness to be loved C. resulting from lack of love D. his confused feeling towards his father The expression traded as pleasant"(the fifth sentence in paragraph 1)is closest in meaning A. was described as being pleasant B. was mistaken as being pleasant C. appeared pleasant D. turned out to be pleasant The story of the boy s walking on the stones shows that B. he wanted to get his father killed C. he wished that his father could help him D. he was emotionally tolerated and had gone crazy

The author advises consumers to _____ . A．look for foods with such words as “certified organically grown” B．grow their own food without synthetic chemicals C．buy foods from a seller they often deal with D．make sure the foods are pesticide free before buying them Legislation to set up a standard for organically grown produce _____ ． A．is being debated in the Congress B．has come into effect C．is in the charge of the U．S. Department of Agriculture D．is delayed due to disagreement in Congress Passage 5 Angyal described the case of a man with a domineering father who showed extreme swings of mood in relation to his son. At times, he was affectionate, played with the child, and told him interesting and imaginative stories. At other times he showed violent outbursts of rage and would beat his son so badly that the child thought he would be killed. The boy had numerous fantasies, including one in which his father was killed by a cunning bandit who came to the house cleverly disguised as the father. As Angyal put it, the fantasy dramatized the child's confusion as to whether he was living in a loving house or in a cruel, alien world that merely masqueraded as pleasant. The fantasy was aimed at dispelling his confusion about the father, whose behaviour made him both God and devil． But this daydream ,implying the murder and loss of the underlying good father,was unacceptable to the boy and failed to solve his doubts. He began to behave compulsively, such as making sure when out walking to step only on stones and never to walk on the bare earth a magical hope of resolving his confusion. Once as he walked in the backyard he ran out of stones to step on and suddenly stood stuck still on the last stone between the yard and his rear steps. He stayed there for an hour until finally his father came and picked him up, freeing him from his immobility. Once the boy overheard his father saying “I live only for the family”only to hear his grandfather say: “No, you only live for yourself!”All of these seeming contradictions made the boy grow into a man endlessly shifting back and forth between positions, unable to take a stand except on irrelevant and unimportant issues in daily life. Angyal explained the boy's fantasy as _____ ． A．his wish to kill his father B．his eagerness to be loved C．resulting from lack of love D．his confused feeling towards his father The expression “masqueraded as pleasant”(the fifth sentence in paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to _____ ． A．was described as being pleasant B．was mistaken as being pleasant C．appeared pleasant D．turned out to be pleasant The story of the boy's walking on the stones shows that _____ . A．he wished to solve his problem B．he wanted to get his father killed C．he wished that his father could help him D．he was emotionally tolerated and had gone crazy