考研英语模拟试题[30] Part I Structure and Vocabulary Section A Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(5 points) No other drug is available at present can produce the same therapeutic effect with less A that B than C when D as Computers are already widely used in industry and in universities and the time may come when it Ais possible for ordinary people to use them as well B will be C must be D. may be An estimated 20 percent of the U.S. population has no bank account, more than half of this group don' t have credit card can not get bank loans. A so C and She is only satisfied to copy notes of others wi thout the pain of thought for herself. Avery B much CD t Bacteria are sometimes too small to be seen without a micropl A far B. rathe C quite Once he starts talking about Chinese or foreign affairs, ancient or modern A. there is no stopping of him B. he is not to stop C there is no stopping I should be the man to think highly of those who wake up to persons of influence B very C last D. sam
考研英语模拟试题[30] Part I Structure and Vocabulary Section A Directions:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (5 points) No other drug is available at present _____ can produce the same therapeutic effect with less risk. A.that B.than C.when D.as Computers are already widely used in industry and in universities and the time may come when it _____ possible for ordinary people to use them as well. A.is B.will be C.must be D.may be An estimated 20 percent of the U.S. population has no bank account,more than half of this group don't have credit card _____ can not get bank loans. A.or B.so C.and D.yet She is only _____ satisfied to copy notes of others without the pain of thought for herself. A.very B.much C.so D.too Bacteria are sometimes _____ too small to be seen without a microphone. A.far B.rather C.quite D.very Once he starts talking about Chinese or foreign affairs, ancient or modern, _____ . A.there is no stopping of him B.he is not to stop C.there is no stopping him D.it is no stopping him I should be the _____ man to think highly of those who wake up to persons of influence. A.right B.very C.last D.same
We are all agreed that the plan is practical and feasible, but he thinks B the reverse c arily D. otherwise Classes will cease to exist by the time communism throughout the world. A is achieved B has been achieved C will be achieved D will have been achieved Wang Qing did not come to the meeting: he the notice on the blackboard our way to the dining hall. A must not ha B could not miss C could not h D wouldn t hi Section b Directions: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A, B, C and D. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (5 points) There were over (A)500, 000 deaths(B)due to automobile accidents in the U. S last year. A third of these could have been avoided (C)but the drivers ha fastened(D)their seat belts Few realize.(A)how much(B)the happiness of life and the formation of character depends on(C)the wise selection of books we read (D) Unlike(A) the director and (B) the actors and actresses, seldom the screenwriter who ides for (C) a film is acclaimed (D) A Soviet newspaper carried out (A) an experiment the other day to see if(B) Moscows elephone service was as bad as most people here think is(C). It was(D) I had been stranded(A) on this island for quite sometime(B) when(C) one day I put myself upon thinking (D) whether it was possible to make myself a boat. run (A) there should (B) be no such (C) an energy shortage he entire universe consists of (D) energy The two leaders met for (A) an hour and 40 minutes on Monday, and had( B) what an official spokesman described (C) a friendly conversation on a wide range(D) of subjects The fourth time when(A) he escaped, he had the misfortune to be caught( B) by a professional slave catcher, who brought (C) the African back to(D) the plantation
We are all agreed that the plan is practical and feasible,but he thinks _____ . A.not B.the reverse C.contrarily D.otherwise Classes will cease to exist by the time communism _____ throughout the world. A.is achieved B.has been achieved C.will be achieved D.will have been achieved Wang Qing did not come to the meeting;he _____ the notice on the blackboard since we saw it on our way to the dining hall. A.must not have missed B.could not miss C.could not have missed D.wouldn't have missed Section B Directions:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A,B,C and D. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(5 points) There were over (A)500,000 deaths (B)due to automobile accidents in the U.S.last year.A third of these could have been avoided (C)but the drivers hadn't fastened (D)their seat belts. Few realize (A) how much (B) the happiness of life and the formation of character depends on (C)the wise selection of books we read (D) . Unlike (A) the director and (B) the actors and actresses,seldom the screenwriter who provides for (C) a film is acclaimed (D) . A Soviet newspaper carried out (A) an experiment the other day to see if (B) Moscow's telephone service was as bad as most people here think is (C) . It was (D) . I had been stranded (A) on this island for quite sometime (B) when (C) one day I put myself upon thinking (D) whether it was possible to make myself a boat. In the long run (A) , there should (B) be no such a thing as (C) an energy shortage, because the entire universe consists of (D) energy. The two leaders met for (A) an hour and 40 minutes on Monday, and had (B) what an official spokesman described (C) a friendly conversation on a wide range (D) of subjects. The fourth time when (A) he escaped,he had the misfortune to be caught (B) by a professional slave catcher, who brought (C) the African back to (D) the plantation
We can see then(A) that the it(c) as desirable that a married woman has( D) some occupation outside the home With time they discovered(A) techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to(B)the natural ones (C): these new materials include(D) pottery and various metals Section c Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, c and d Choose the one the best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET (10 pionts) in the middle of my call because I had no more pennies to put in the box. A broken off C hung D cut down He was for military sevice at the age of eighteen and spent a year in the army. A called in B sent out C. called up D taken on Mary wants to study medicine but she is not very clever. I don t think she A C within D toward The doctor ordered the patient to all solid food for at least twenty four hours A. keep out B. keep away C keep off D lay aside Primitive monetary systems require the same balance of supply and demand that the u. s Treasury and the Federal Reserve System. B confronts D confesses A scientist usually directs his attention towards problems which he notices have no satisfactory explanation, and his curiosity makes him look for relationship even if the data available B underneath C undergoing
We can see then (A) that there are good reasons (B) for regarding it (C) as desirable that a married woman has (D) some occupation outside the home. With time they discovered (A) techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to (B) the natural ones (C) ; these new materials include (D) pottery and various metals. Section C Directions:Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one the best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 pionts) I was _____ in the middle of my call because I had no more pennies to put in the box. A.broken off B.cut off C.hung up D.cut down He was _____ for military sevice at the age of eighteen and spent a year in the army. A.called in B.sent out C.called up D.taken on Mary wants to study medicine but she is not very clever.I don't think she is _____ it. A.up to B.for C.within D.towards The doctor ordered the patient to _____ all solid food for at least twenty four hours. A.keep out B.keep away C.keep off D.lay aside Primitive monetary systems require the same balance of supply and demand that _____ the U.S. Treasury and the Federal Reserve System. A.confirms B.confronts C.conducts D.confesses A scientist usually directs his attention towards problems which he notices have no satisfactory explanation,and his curiosity makes him look for _____ relationship even if the data available seem to be unconnected. A.underlining B.underneath C.undergoing D.underlying
During an earthquake, the great part of damage and loss of life has been collapse of build and the effect of rockslides, floods, fire, diseases, and other phenomena resulting from earthquakes, rather than from the quakes themselves A. due to C by reason of D n Japan most people still feel that a woman's place is in the home; and most women willingly accept their traditional role as wife, leaving the business of making a living their husbands A. te B C for D Whether to go to college is optional that no student is required to do so as he is required high school. A in a sense B in the way C in the case Of all the senses that help a small baby to distinguish his mother the sound of her voice, h sense of smell, his sight, the distinctive way she handles him, sight is A permanent C prevalent D preliminary The normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7 8 hours sleep alternating with some 16-17 hours wakefulness. Broadly speaking, the sleep normally with the hours of darkness A conform B coincid C collide D comply Today the Americans love of comfort is seen in the way they their homes, the way they design their cars, and the way they like to travel. A trim B modify D. furnish Science is the systematic of knowledge using nature itself or laboratory models and experiments. A acquisition B exploration C survey D pursuit
During an earthquake,the great part of damage and loss of life has been _____ collapse of buildings and the effect of rockslides,floods,fire,diseases,and other phenomena resulting from earthquakes,rather than from the quakes themselves. A.due to B.owing to C.by reason of D.on account of In Japan most people still feel that a woman's place is in the home;and most women willingly accept their traditional role as wife, leaving the business of making a living _____ their husbands. A.to B.with C.for D.on Whether to go to college is optional _____ that no student is required to do so as he is required by law in most states of America to go to high school. A.in a sense B.in the way C.in the sense D.in the case Of all the senses that help a small baby to distinguish his mother the sound of her voice, his sense of smell,his sight,the distinctive way she handles him,sight is _____ . A.permanent B.predominant C.prevalent D.preliminary The normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7 8 hours' sleep alternating with some 16-17 hours' wakefulness.Broadly speaking,the sleep normally _____ with the hours of darkness. A.conform B.coincide C.collide D.comply Today the Americans' love of comfort is seen in the way they _____ their homes,the way they design their cars,and the way they like to travel. A.trim B.modify C.carpet D.furnish Science is the systematic _____ of knowledge using nature itself or laboratory models and experiments. A.acquisition B.exploration C.survey D.pursuit
Computers can provide information which allows businessmen to their list of goods, by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. A keep track o B keep pace with C. keep in touch with D keep company with John Smith Community College is an open de ucational institution to providing high ducation to all who can benefit A contributed B committed C sub jected One Sunday morning the local post office n important special delivery letter to my home, though it was addressed to me at my office A delivered B C submitted D transfe Now there are sophisticated tests which can poisons in the tiniest amount not even enough to kill a mouse A discern B ascertain C detect D locate All students who want to use the library borrowing services and recreational athle tic, and entertainment t have a valid summer identification card B facilities C installations D fittings Few people can listen to music that is more or less familiar without moving their body some part of their bo A. or rather B. in other words C so to speak D. for example Apart from a handful of weather stations, within 2 000 miles of the South pole there is not a single tree, industry, or A habitation C residence D accommodation Part Cloze Test Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices labelled A, B, C
Computers can provide information which allows businessmen to _____ their list of goods,by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. A.keep track of B.keep pace with C.keep in touch with D.keep company with John Smith Community College is an open door educational institution _____ to providing higher education to all who can benefit. A.contributed B.committed C.subjected D.assigned One Sunday morning the local post office _____ an important special delivery letter to my home,though it was addressed to me at my office. A.delivered B.presented C.submitted D.transferred Now there are sophisticated tests which can _____ poisons in the tiniest amount not even enough to kill a mouse. A.discern B.ascertain C.detect D.locate All students who want to use the library borrowing services and recreational athle tic,and entertainment _____ must have a valid summer identification card. A.utilities B.facilities C.installations D.fittings Few people can listen to music that is more or less familiar without moving their body, _____ , some part of their body. A.or rather B.in other words C.so to speak D.for example Apart from a handful of weather stations,within 2 000 miles of the South Pole there is not a single tree,industry,or _____ . A.habitation B.settlement C.residence D.accommodation Part Ⅱ Cloze Test Directions:For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices labelled A,B,C
and D. Choose the best one and put your choice on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points) he vast Pacific is the world s largest ocean, covering a third of the earth. 4l recent years most people knew little, 42 anything, about the Pacific islands, as they were cut 43 from the rest of the world by vast 44 of sea. This was especially true 45 the islands in the heart of the pacific which people called the South Sea Isles. They dreamed of them as a tropical 46 of palm lined oral shores and dre The 47 Pacific washes the shores of five continents, with its waters mingling in the southeast with the atlantic Ocean and in the southwest with the Indian Ocean. It is not on the shores of continents or in the coastal islands, however, 48 the soul of the great Pacific is found. It 49 out where the fabled South Sea Islands are 50 over the huge ocean like stars in the sky. 41. A Before B Preceding C During D Until 42.A. if B of C not d never 43. A away B back C off D, out 44. A. territories B strips C waters D stretches 45. A to B of c about d in 46. A zone B. island C paradise D heaven 47.A. mighty B tropical C strategic D, substantial 48.A, when b. that c. which d where 49. Alies B reaches C is located D is exposed 50.A. glittered B twinkled C scattered D dispersed Part Ill Reading Comprehension Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points) P ssage Only two animals have entered the human household otherwise than as prisoners and become domesticated by other means than those of enforced servititude: the dog and the cat. Two things they have in common, namely, that both belong to the order of carnivores and both serve man in the capacity of hunters In all other characteristics, above all in the manner of their association with man, they are as different as the night from the day There is no domestic animal which has so rapidly altered its whole way of living, indeed its whole sphere of interests, that has become domestic in so true a sense as the dog: and there is no animal that, in the course of its century old association with man, has altered so little as the cat. There is some truth in the assertion that the cat, with the exception of a few luxury breeds, such as Angoras, Persians and Siamese, is no domestic animal but a completely wild being Maintaining its full independence it has taken up its abode in the houses and outhouses of man, for the simple reason that there are more mice there than elsewhere. The whole charm of the dog lies in the depth of the friendship and the strength of the spiritual ties with which he has bound himself to man, but the appeal of the cat lies in the very fact that she has formed no close bond with him, that she has the uncompromising independence of a tiger or a leopard while she is hunting in his stables and barns; that she still remain mysterious and remote when she is rubbing herself gently against the legs of her mistress or purring contentedly in front of the fire The purring cat is, for me, a symbol of the heartside and the hidden security which it stands for. I should no more like to be without a cat in my home than to be without the dog that trots behind me in field or street. Since my earliest youth I have always had dogs and cats about me. Business like friends have advised me to write a dog book and a cat book separately, because dog lovers often dislike cats and cat lovers frequently abhor dogs. But I consider it the finest est of genuine love and understanding of animals if a person has sympathies for both these creatures, and can apreciate in each its own special virtue. Cats. acc the autho A are not domestic animals at all B
and D.Choose the best one and put your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) The vast Pacific is the world's largest ocean,covering a third of the earth. 41 recent years most people knew little, 42 anything,about the Pacific islands,as they were cut 43 from the rest of the world by vast 44 of sea.This was especially true 45 the islands in the heart of the Pacific which people called the South Sea Isles.They dreamed of them as a tropical 46 of palm lined coral shores and drowsy sun. The 47 Pacific washes the shores of five continents,with its waters mingling in the southeast with the Atlantic Ocean and in the southwest with the Indian Ocean.It is not on the shores of continents or in the coastal islands,however, 48 the soul of the great Pacific is found.It 49 out where the fabled South Sea Islands are 50 over the huge ocean like stars in the sky. 41.A.Before B.Preceding C.During D.Until 42.A.if B.of C.not D.never 43.A.away B.back C.off D.out 44.A.territories B.strips C.waters D.stretches 45.A.to B.of C.about D.in 46.A.zone B.island C.paradise D.heaven 47.A.mighty B.tropical C.strategic D.substantial 48.A.when B.that C.which D.where 49.A.lies B.reaches C.is located D.is exposed 50.A.glittered B.twinkled C.scattered D.dispersed Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension Directions:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers marked A,B,C and D.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points) Passage 1 Only two animals have entered the human household otherwise than as prisoners and become domesticated by other means than those of enforced servititude:the dog and the cat.Two things they have in common,namely,that both belong to the order of carnivores and both serve man in their capacity of hunters. In all other characteristics,above all in the manner of their association with man,they are as different as the night from the day.There is no domestic animal which has so rapidly altered its whole way of living,indeed its whole sphere of interests,that has become domestic in so true a sense as the dog:and there is no animal that,in the course of its century old association with man,has altered so little as the cat.There is some truth in the assertion that the cat,with the exception of a few luxury breeds,such as Angoras,Persians and Siamese,is no domestic animal but a completely wild being.Maintaining its full independence it has taken up its abode in the houses and outhouses of man,for the simple reason that there are more mice there than elsewhere.The whole charm of the dog lies in the depth of the friendship and the strength of the spiritual ties with which he has bound himself to man,but the appeal of the cat lies in the very fact that she has formed no close bond with him,that she has the uncompromising independence of a tiger or a leopard while she is hunting in his stables and barns;that she still remain mysterious and remote when she is rubbing herself gently against the legs of her mistress or purring contentedly in front of the fire. The purring cat is,for me,a symbol of the heartside and the hidden security which it stands for.I should no more like to be without a cat in my home than to be without the dog that trots behind me in field or street.Since my earliest youth I have always had dogs and cats about me.Business like friends have advised me to write a dog book and a cat book separately,because dog lovers often dislike cats and cat lovers frequently abhor dogs.But I consider it the finest test of genuine love and understanding of animals if a person has sympathies for both these creatures,and can apreciate in each its own special virtue. Cats,according to the author, _____ . A.are not domestic animals at all B.are fiercer than dogs
C are both meek and independent D are similar in that A people can use them for hunting B. they are associated with man closely C. they have the same way of living D. they are equally liked by peopl We can infer from the passage that the author B prefers cats to dogs C likes dogs as well as cats D likes neither dogs nor cats The passage concludes that A. dogs are more domesticated than cats B. dogs are more lovable animals than cats C. though different, dogs and cats have their charms D both dogs and cats can be kept as pets in one house Passage 2 A single status may have multiple roles at tached to it, constituting a role set. Consider the status of a patient in a hospital. The status involves the sick role; another role as the peer of other patients; still another role as the "appreciative"receiver of the gifts and attention of friends and family members: one role as a consumer of newspapers, magazines, and other small items purchased from a hospital attendant; and a role as acquaintance of a number of friendly hospital personnel. Or consider your status as a family member. Your status includes a variety of roles, for example, parent and child, uncle, spouse, and cousin. Clearly, a role does not exist in a social vacuum: it is a bundle of activities that are connected with the activities of other people. For this reason there can be no professors without students, no husbands without wives no whites without nonwhites, and no lawyers without clients Roles affect sets of norms that define our duties the actions others can legitimately insist that we perform, and our right the actions we can legitimately insist that others perform. Every role has at least one reciprocal role at tached to it: the rights of one role are the duties of the other role. As we have noted, we have a social niche for the sick. Sick people have rights our society says they do not have to function in usual ways until they get well. But sick people also have the duty to get well and"not enjoy themselves too much. The sick role also entails an appeal to another party the physician. The physician must perceive the patient as trying to get well this is the physician s right and the patient' s duty. And the patient must see the doctor as sincere the patient' s right and the physicians duty. It should come as no surprise that the uality of medical care falters when patient and physician role expectations break down. ne way that people are linked in groups is through networks of reciprocal roles. Role relationships tie us to one another because the rights of one end of the relationship are the duties of the other. People experience these stable relationships as social structure a hospital, a college, a family, a gang, an army, and so on. If your are a patient, you take on all the following roles except the role as A. a friend of your fellow patients B a staff member of the hospital C the receiver of the treatment D a buyer of medicines
C.are both meek and independent D.can sometimes be very hostile to people Dogs and cats are similar in that _____ . A.people can use them for hunting B.they are associated with man closely C.they have the same way of living D.they are equally liked by people We can infer from the passage that the author _____ . A.prefers dogs to cats B.prefers cats to dogs C.likes dogs as well as cats D.likes neither dogs nor cats The passage concludes that _____ . A.dogs are more domesticated than cats B.dogs are more lovable animals than cats C.though different,dogs and cats have their charms D.both dogs and cats can be kept as pets in one house Passage 2 A single status may have multiple roles attached to it, constituting a role set. Consider the status of a patient in a hospital. The status involves the sick role; another role as the peer of other patients; still another role as the “appreciative”receiver of the gifts and attention of friends and family members; one role as a consumer of newspapers, magazines, and other small items purchased from a hospital attendant; and a role as acquaintance of a number of friendly hospital personnel. Or consider your status as a family member. Your status includes a variety of roles, for example,parent and child, uncle, spouse, and cousin. Clearly, a role does not exist in a social vacuum; it is a bundle of activities that are connected with the activities of other people. For this reason there can be no professors without students, no husbands without wives, no whites without nonwhites, and no lawyers without clients. Roles affect us as sets of norms that define our duties the actions others can legitimately insist that we perform, and our right the actions we can legitimately insist that others perform. Every role has at least one reciprocal role attached to it; the rights of one role are the duties of the other role. As we have noted, we have a social niche for the sick. Sick people have rights our society says they do not have to function in usual ways until they get well. But sick people also have the duty to get well and“not enjoy themselves too much.”The sick role also entails an appeal to another party the physician. The physician must perceive the patient as trying to get well this is the physician's right and the patient's duty. And the patient must see the doctor as sincere the patient's right and the physician's duty. It should come as no surprise that the quality of medical care falters when patient and physician role expectations break down. One way that people are linked in groups is through networks of reciprocal roles. Role relationships tie us to one another because the rights of one end of the relationship are the duties of the other. People experience these stable relationships as social structure a hospital, a college, a family, a gang, an army, and so on. If your are a patient, you take on all the following roles EXCEPT the role as _____ . A.a friend of your fellow patients B.a staff member of the hospital C.the receiver of the treatment D.a buyer of medicines
The example of the family member in Paragraph one is used to convey the idea that A roles involve both duties and rights corresponding to them B a role set forms a network of interdependencies C family roles are far more complex than they appear D family members have more duties than patients Which of the following may be one of the doctor s duties? A. See to it that the patient gets well as soon as possible B. Make sure that the patient doesn t enjoy himself too much C. Ask the patient to be cooperative in the treatment D Perceive the patient as eager to get well A role is best defined in its relation to A. another statu C. other roles D. its importance Passage 3 By the 1980s, according to international but admittedly inconsistent definitions of literacy, about seven out of ten adults in the world were considered literate. The increase in literacy from ancient times to the present has not been a story of unbroken progress. The ability of people within a given society to read and write has been influenced by a number of factors, including economic well being, the availability of material to read, the amount of education available, and the basic matter of the usefulness of reading Of these factors, usefulness has probably been the most decisive. In ancient societies, as people settled into stable patterns of agriculture and trade it became useful for some of them to read and write in order to keep records, to transact business, and to measure amounts of land, animals, goods, materials, and produce. Since all economic aspects of a society were closely tied to the operations of government, literacy became useful and even necessary for the keeping of records by officials. The responsibilities of citizenship led to a fairly high level of literacy in ancient reece and Rome, but in addition to that, there also grew an appreciation of good literature, poetry, drama, history, and philosophy. During the early Middle Ages, with the general breakdown of society in Europe and the decrease of commerce, literacy became largely confined to the church. But in the late Middle Ages, in the period of the Rena issance, the great expansion of commerce and banking led to a revival in literacy for the same reason that had caused it to increase in the ancient world usefulness With the invention of the printing press and inexpensive paper late in the 15th century there was for the first time a great availability of reading material for a much greater number of people Religious reformers were among the first to utilize the situation, quickly getting translations of the Bible and educational tracts and booklets into the hands of many people. The broadened religious enlightenment that resulted was followed in later centuries by a political one. Political theorists who favored doctrines promot ing the natural rights of man called for an attack upon illiteracy. Political revolutions, particularly in the United States and france, helped inaugurate an era in which all classes were called upon to become informed on public policy for their own welfare. Against this political background there emerged the movement for universal popular education. Literacy came to be unders tood as a means whereby the individual could benefit and advance, and gradually whole societies began to acknowledge that universal literacy among their citizens was an avenue to greater economic well being Form the first paragraph we know A. it is fairly easy to determine literacy B there is no illiteracy in a rich family
The example of the family member in Paragraph one is used to convey the idea that _____ . A.roles involve both duties and rights corresponding to them B.a role set forms a network of interdependencies C.family roles are far more complex than they appear D.family members have more duties than patients Which of the following may be one of the doctor's duties? A.See to it that the patient gets well as soon as possible B.Make sure that the patient doesn't enjoy himself too much C.Ask the patient to be cooperative in the treatment D.Perceive the patient as eager to get well A role is best defined in its relation to _____ . A.another status B.its obligation C.other roles D.its importance Passage 3 By the 1980s, according to international but admittedly inconsistent definitions of literacy, about seven out of ten adults in the world were considered literate. The increase in literacy from ancient times to the present has not been a story of unbroken progress. The ability of people within a given society to read and write has been influenced by a number of factors, including economic well being, the availability of material to read, the amount of education available, and the basic matter of the usefulness of reading. Of these factors, usefulness has probably been the most decisive. In ancient societies, as people settled into stable patterns of agriculture and trade, it became useful for some of them to read and write in order to keep records, to transact business, and to measure amounts of land, animals, goods, materials, and produce. Since all economic aspects of a society were closely tied to the operations of government, literacy became useful and even necessary for the keeping of records by officials. The responsibilities of citizenship led to a fairly high level of literacy in ancient Greece and Rome, but in addition to that, there also grew an appreciation of good literature, poetry, drama, history, and philosophy. During the early Middle Ages, with the general breakdown of society in Europe and the decrease of commerce, literacy became largely confined to the church. But in the late Middle Ages, in the period of the Renaissance, the great expansion of commerce and banking led to a revival in literacy for the same reason that had caused it to increase in the ancient world usefulness. With the invention of the printing press and inexpensive paper late in the 15th century there was for the first time a great availability of reading material for a much greater number of people. Religious reformers were among the first to utilize the situation, quickly getting translations of the Bible and educational tracts and booklets into the hands of many people. The broadened religious enlightenment that resulted was followed in later centuries by a political one. Political theorists who favored doctrines promoting the natural rights of man called for an attack upon illiteracy. Political revolutions, particularly in the United States and France, helped inaugurate an era in which all classes were called upon to become informed on public policy for their own welfare. Against this political background there emerged the movement for universal popular education. Literacy came to be understood as a means whereby the individual could benefit and advance, and gradually whole societies began to acknowledge that universal literacy among their citizens was an avenue to greater economic well being. Form the first paragraph we know _____ . A.it is fairly easy to determine literacy B.there is no illiteracy in a rich family
C history sees an even progress towards literacy D in history literacy suffers ups and downs According to the passage, what is the ma jor driving force behind the progress toward more literacy? A. The amount of education B The availability of reading materials C The economic deve lopment D The necessity to read. n the Renaissance, it was that greatly expand literacy. A. the religious reforms B the translation and popularization of the Bible C the availability of printing technology and cheap paper D. the renovations of the teaching me thods The last paragraph is mainly about A. the religious movements that promoted the literacy of the public B the new progress towards literacy initiated by democratic society C. modern political movement towards a more democratic society D political movements at the end of the Middle Ages fighting illiteracy Passage 4 Every product on the market has a variety of costs built into it before it is ever put up for sale to a cus tomer. There are costs of production, transportation, storage, advertising, and more Each of these costs must bring in some profit at each stage: truckers must profit from transporting products, or they would not be in business. Thus, costs also include several layers of profits The selling price of a product must take all of these costs(and built in profits)into consideration. The selling price itself consists of a markup over the total of all costs, and it is normally based on a percentage of the total cost The markup may be quite high 90 percent of cost or it may be low. Grocery items in a supermarket usually have a low markup, while mink coast have a very high one. High markups, however, do not in themselves guarantee big profits. Profits come from turnover. If an item has a 50 percen t markup and does not sell, there is no profit. But if a cereal has an 8 percent markup and sells very well, there are reasonable profits While most pricing is based on cost factors, there are some exceptions. Prestige pricing means etting prices artificially high in order to attract select clientele. Such pricing attempts to suggest that the quality or style of the product is exceptional or that the item cannot be found elsewhere. Stores can use prestige pricing to attract wealthy shoppers Leader pricing and bait pricing are the opposites of prestige pricing. Leader pricing means setting low prices on certain items to get people to come into the stores. The products so priced are called loss leaders because little or no profit can be made on them. The profits are made from other products people buy while in the store. Bait pricing, now generally considered illegal means setting artificially low prices to attract customers. The store, however, has no intention of selling goods at the bait prices. The point is to get people into the store and persuade them of the inferiority of the low priced item. Then a higher priced item is presented as a better altermative A common retail tactic is odd priced products. For some products of $300, the store will set the price at $295 or$299. 95 to give the appearance of a lower price. Automobiles and other high priced products are usually priced in this manner. For some reason $7995 has more appeal to a potential car customer than $8000 Bid pricing is a special kind of price setting. It is often used in the awarding of government contracts. Several companies are asked to submit bids on a job, and normally the lowest bidder wins. A school system may want to buy a large number of computers. Several companies are asked
C.history sees an even progress towards literacy D.in history literacy suffers ups and downs According to the passage, what is the major driving force behind the progress toward more literacy? A.The amount of education. B.The availability of reading materials. C.The economic development. D.The necessity to read. In the Renaissance, it was _____ that greatly expand literacy. A.the religious reforms B.the translation and popularization of the Bible C.the availability of printing technology and cheap paper D.the renovations of the teaching methods The last paragraph is mainly about _____ . A.the religious movements that promoted the literacy of the public B.the new progress towards literacy initiated by democratic society C.modern political movement towards a more democratic society D.political movements at the end of the Middle Ages fighting illiteracy Passage 4 Every product on the market has a variety of costs built into it before it is ever put up for sale to a customer. There are costs of production, transportation, storage, advertising, and more. Each of these costs must bring in some profit at each stage: truckers must profit from transporting products, or they would not be in business. Thus, costs also include several layers of profits. The selling price of a product must take all of these costs(and built in profits)into consideration. The selling price itself consists of a markup over the total of all costs, and it is normally based on a percentage of the total cost. The markup may be quite high 90 percent of cost or it may be low. Grocery items in a supermarket usually have a low markup, while mink coast have a very high one. High markups, however, do not in themselves guarantee big profits. Profits come from turnover. If an item has a 50 percent markup and does not sell, there is no profit. But if a cereal has an 8 percent markup and sells very well, there are reasonable profits. While most pricing is based on cost factors, there are some exceptions. Prestige pricing means setting prices artificially high in order to attract select clientele. Such pricing attempts to suggest that the quality or style of the product is exceptional or that the item cannot be found elsewhere. Stores can use prestige pricing to attract wealthy shoppers. Leader pricing and bait pricing are the opposites of prestige pricing. Leader pricing means setting low prices on certain items to get people to come into the stores. The products so priced are called loss leaders because little or no profit can be made on them. The profits are made from other products people buy while in the store. Bait pricing, now generally considered illegal, means setting artificially low prices to attract customers. The store, however, has no inttention of selling goods at the bait prices. The point is to get people into the store and persuade them of the inferiority of the low priced item. Then a higher priced item is presented as a better altermative. A common retail tactic is odd priced products. For some products of $300, the store will set the price at $295 or$299.95 to give the appearance of a lower price. Automobiles and other high priced products are usually priced in this manner. For some reason $7995 has more appeal to a potential car customer than $8000. Bid pricing is a special kind of price setting. It is often used in the awarding of government contracts. Several companies are asked to submit bids on a job, and normally the lowest bidder wins. A school system may want to buy a large number of computers. Several companies are asked
submit prices, and the school district will decide on the best bid based as well on iderations of quality and service. We learn from the second paragraph A reducing cost is the surest way to increase profits B profits depend on how fast goods are moving C fair markup promise the greatest profits markup brings reasonable profits In a department store, the purpose of showing clients bait priced items is te A demonstrate the bad quality of these items B get them to purchase some other articl C earn some dirty money from these items D persuade them to buy what they don t really need Odd even pricing method A is often used with very expensive items B is only effective on potential car customers Cis the most popular way of pricing a product D is the most effect A. the buyer search from place to place for desired ob ject B the government selects the best items C the government transacts with an individual D the sellers compete with each other for the bid Passage Educator today are more and more often hard to say that computer literacy is absolutely necessary to his or her own microcomputer. What advantages do computers offer the college stdent? cess for college studnets. Many even argue that each incoming freshman should have permanet access Any sutdent who has used a word processor willk now one compelling reason to use a computer: to write papers. Although not all sutdents feel comfortable composing on a word delete just by pressing a few keys, tus eliminating the need to rewrite or retype. Furthermore, since the revison process is less burden some, students are more likely to revise as often as is necessary to end up with the best paper possible. For these reasons, many freshman English courses require the use of a word processor. Science studnets take advantage of computers in many ways. Using computer graphic capabilities, for example, botany students can repressent and analyse different plant growth patterns. Medical students can learn to interpret computerized images of internal body structures. Physics studnts can comPete complex calculations far more quickly than they could without the use of a computer. Similarly, business and accounting students find that computer spreadsheet programs are all but dispensable to many aspects of their work, while students pursuing careers in graphic arts, marketing, and public realtions find that knowledge of computer graphics is important. Education ma jors learn to develop grading systems suing computers, whill social science sutdnets use omputers for analysing and graphically sisplaying their research results It is no wonder, then, that educators support the purchase and use of computers by studnets. A versatile tool, the computer can help studnts learn. and that is, after all, the rason for going to college. The writer s chief purpose in writing this passage is to A. analyse the advantages and disadvantages of computers in education B persuade educators to increase computer use in the classrooms
to submit prices, and the school district will decide on the best bid based as well on considerations of quality and service. We learn from the second paragraph, _____ . A.reducing cost is the surest way to increase profits B.profits depend on how fast goods are moving C.fair markup promise the greatest profits D.lower markup brings reasonable profits In a department store, the purpose of showing clients bait priced items is to _____ . A.demonstrate the bad quality of these items B.get them to purchase some other articles C.earn some dirty money from these items D.persuade them to buy what they don't really need Odd even pricing method _____ . A.is often used with very expensive items B.is only effective on potential car customers C.is the most popular way of pricing a product D.is the most effective way of selling low priced products In a bidding deal, _____ . A.the buyer search from place to place for desired object B.the government selects the best items C.the government transacts with an individual D.the sellers compete with each other for the bid Passage 5 Educator today are more and more often hard to say that computer literacy is absolutely necessary for college studnets. Many even argue that each incoming freshman should have permanet access to his or her own microcomputer. What advantages do computers offer the college stdent? Any sutdent who has used a word processor willk now one compelling reason to use a computer: to write papers. Although not all sutdents feel comfortable composing on a word delete just by pressing a few keys, tus eliminating the need to rewrite or retype. Furthermore, since the revison process is less burden some, students are more likely to revise as often as is necessary to end up with the best paper possible. For these reasons, many freshman English courses require the use of a word processor. Science studnets take advantage of computers in many ways. Using computer graphic capabilities, for example, botany studeents can repressent and analyse different plant growth patterns. Medical students can learn to interpret computerized images of internal body structures. Physics studnts can comlpete complex calculations far more quickly than they could without the use of a computer. Similarly, business and accounting students find that computer spreadsheet programs are all but indispensable to many aspects of their work, while students pursuing careers in graphic arts, marketing, and public realtions find that knowledge of computer graphics is important. Education majors learn to develop grading systems suing computers, whill social science sutdnets use computers for analysing and graphically sisplaying their research results. It is no wonder, then, that educators support the purchase and use of computers by studnets. A versatile tool, the computer can help studnts learn. and that is, after all, the rason for going to college. The writer's chief purpose in writing this passage is to _____ . A.analyse the advantages and disadvantages of computers in education B.persuade educators to increase computer use in the classrooms
