模拟试题[9] Simulated test Part I Structure and Vocabulary Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D)Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points) 1. What you used in picking a winner in the art contest? A)is the criteria Bare the criteria D)are the criterias kercises create a oxygen in the body without seriously disrupting normal A)demand B)demanding C)demanding of D)demand fc 3. The beaver (tE)chews down trees to get food and material its home A)builds B)it can build C)which to build in D)with which to build 4. How I wish i my homework sooner! A)finished B)finish C)had finished D)have finished 5. Beijing is one of the many cities in the world that are now developing programs their historical buildings. A)and restoring B)of restoring
模拟试题[9] Simulated Test [PREVIOUS] [NEXT] Part I Structure and Vocabulary Section A Directions： Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A,B,C and D) Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(5 points) 1. What _____ you used in picking a winner in the art contest? A)is the criteria B)are the criteria C)are the criterion D)are the criterias 2. Aerobic exercises create a _____ oxygen in the body without seriously disrupting normal body functions. A)demand B)demanding C)demanding of D)demand for 3. The beaver(海狸) chews down trees to get food and material _____ its home. A)builds B)it can build C)which to build in D)with which to build 4. How I wish I _____ my homework sooner! A)finished B)finish C)had finished D)have finished 5. Beijing is one of the many cities in the world that are now developing programs _____ their historical buildings. A)and restoring B)of restoring
D) 6. The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have as the amount of money borrowed A)as the same value B)the D 7. She said that the situation there was not so bad had been described BoD one may be disturbed by strange thoughts and have difficul ty in concentrating on AB The great progress nsportation must not be thought of as in a short period of time. A)being made B)having been made C)to be made D)to have been made 10. Everything into consideration, his plan seems to be workable A)taking B)to be taken C)taken D)is taken Directions: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A, B, C and D) Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ansWer Sheet by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points of (a)the boiler is closely related (B)to those (C)of the to which it is a necessary ad junct(附属品)(D) 12. Almost all (A) human activity alters water (B)quality somewhat (C), but not necessity (D)as a result of pollution by human materials
C)restoring D)to restore 6. The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have _____ as the amount of money borrowed. A)as the same value B)the same value C)value as the same D)the value is the same 7. She said that the situation there was not so bad _____ had been described. A)as B)such as C)that D)that as 8. _____ ,one may be disturbed by strange thoughts and have difficulty in concentrating on one thing. A)As often as B)As often as not C)Every so often D)More often than not 9. The great progress in modern transportation must not be thought of as _____ in a short period of time. A)being made B)having been made C)to be made D)to have been made 10. Everything _____ into consideration, his plan seems to be workable. A)taking B)to be taken C)taken D)is taken Section B Directions: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A,B,C and D) Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points) 11. The development of (A) the boiler is closely related (B) to those (C) of the steam engine, to which it is a necessary adjunct(附属品) (D) . 12. Almost all (A) human activity alters water (B) quality somewhat (C) ，but not necessity (D) as a result of pollution by human materials
13. Liquefied al(A) gas is the most volatile(易发挥的)(B) chemistry(C) explosive in common (D)use today 14. In a small community, behavioral (A)norms are more universally( B)understood and accepted, and are therefore more likely being(C) the culture of a I of 5. One of the (A)keys to the (B)survival of any(C) animal is its ability to adapt changes (D) in the environment 16. A severe illness when (A)she was just(B)nineteen months old deprived (C)the well known writer and lecturer Helen Keller in both (D) her sight and her hearing. 17. Booker T Washington viewed(A)as one of the ablest (B)public speakers(C)of his (D 18. After making careful preparations (A), they were confident and(B)sure of(C)the final (D)victory 19. It is the interaction (A)between people, rather than(B)the events that occur (C) their lives, which(D)is the main focus of social psychology. 20. He worked hard (A), taking no recreation(B)except he()went to see(D)Ruth Section c Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, b, c and D)Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the aNSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(10 points) 21. Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptomatic of a lack of is the first step in learning to be creative. Bo Ion D)originality 22. You need a special to go into this part of the building AB D)agreement 23. Psychology has slowly evolved into an scientific discipline that now functions autonomously with the same privileges and responsibilities as other sciences A)independent B) C)outmoded D)uncontrolled
13. Liquefied natural (A) gas is the most volatile (易发挥的) (B) chemistry (C) explosive in common (D) use today. 14. In a small community, behavioral (A) norms are more universally (B) understood and accepted, and are therefore more likely being (C) the culture of a group of (C) people. 15. One of the (A) keys to the (B) survival of any (C) animal is its ability to adapt changes (D) in the environment. 16. A severe illness when (A) she was just (B) nineteen months old deprived (C) the well known writer and lecturer Helen Keller in both (D) her sight and her hearing. 17. Booker T.Washington viewed (A) as one of the ablest (B) public speakers (C) of his (D) time. 18. After making careful preparations (A) ,they were confident and (B) sure of (C) the final (D) victory. 19. It is the interaction (A) between people, rather than (B) the events that occur (C) in their lives, which (D) is the main focus of social psychology. 20. He worked hard (A) ,taking no recreation (B) except he (C) went to see (D) Ruth. Section C Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D) Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points) 21. Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptomatic of a lack of _____ ，is the first step in learning to be creative. A)elegance B)resolution C)goodness D)originality 22. You need a special _____ to go into this part of the building. A)permission B)allowance C)permit D)agreement 23. Psychology has slowly evolved into an _____ scientific discipline that now functions autonomously with the same privileges and responsibilities as other sciences. A)independent B)unusual C)outmoded D)uncontrolled
24. A ma jor goal of law, to prevent potential criminals by punishing wrongdoers, is not served when the penalty is so seldom invoked that it to be a credible threat B)appears D)seems 25. When people are happy, they tend to give interpretations of events they witness: the eye of the beholder is colored by the emotions of the beholder. A)charitable C)conscientiou 26. The new office block well with its surroundings A)blends in B)stands out D)sets off 27. The discovery that, friction excluded all bodies fall at the same rate is so simple to state and to grasp that there is a tendency te its signi anc e A)underrate B)control D)praise 28. Their mutual teasing seemed friendly, but in fact it a long standing hostility. A)produce D)revealed 29. It has been argued that politics as, whatever its transcendental claims, has always been the systematic organization of common hatreds Aa th B)an id C)a practice D)a contest 30. Its a good idea to people before taking them into your confidence B)root out D)size up
24. A major goal of law, to prevent potential criminals by punishing wrongdoers,is not served when the penalty is so seldom invoked that it _____ to be a credible threat. A)tends B)appears C)ceases D)seems 25. When people are happy, they tend to give _____ interpretations of events they witness:the eye of the beholder is colored by the emotions of the beholder. A)charitable B)elaborate C)conscientious D)vague 26. The new office block _____ well with its surroundings. A)blends in B)stands out C)shaped up D)sets off 27. The discovery that, friction excluded, all bodies fall at the same rate is so simple to state and to grasp that there is a tendency to _____ its significance. A)underrate B)control C)reassess D)praise 28. Their mutual teasing seemed friendly, but in fact it _____ a long standing hostility. A)produced B)masked C)contravened D)revealed 29. It has been argued that politics as _____ , whatever its transcendental claims, has always been the systematic organization of common hatreds. A)a theory B)an ideal C)a practice D)a contest 30. It′s a good idea to _____ people before taking them into your confidence. A)tumble to B)root out C)bank on D)size up
31. At several points in his discussion, Graves, in effect evidence when it does not A) B)creates D)suppresse 32. Al though adolescent maturational and deve lopmental states occur in an orderly sequence, their timing with regard to onset and duration. C)falters D)dwindle 33. Sharon desperately wanted to be an actress, so when they offered her a part in the play, the chance Burst into C)ran after D) jumped at 4. Many of the earliest colonial houses that are still standing have been so modified and enlarged that the initial design is no longe C)applicable D)discernible to inspect the house buy ing i A)in the event of B)with Lew te C)with reference to D) 36. It seems that the world record for this event is almost impossible to A)meet B)compare 37. You are adv ised to take his predictions with a B)pick C)pinch
31. At several points in his discussion, Graves, in effect, _____ evidence when it does not support his argument, tailoring it to his needs. A)addresses B)creates C)alters D)suppresses 32. Although adolescent maturational and developmental states occur in an orderly sequence, their timing _____ with regard to onset and duration. A)lasts B)varies C)falters D)dwindles 33. Sharon desperately wanted to be an actress, so when they offered her a part in the play, she _____ the chance. A)burst into B)seized on C)ran after D)jumped at 34. Many of the earliest colonial houses that are still standing have been so modified and enlarged that the initial design is no longer _____ . A)necessary B)relevant C)applicable D)discernible 35. They came to inspect the house _____ buying it. A)in the event of B)with a view to C)with reference to D)on account of 36. It seems that the world record for this event is almost impossible to _____ . A)meet B)compare C)beat D)balance 37. You are advised to take his predictions with a _____ of salt. A)touch B)pick C)pinch D)speck
38. As it was getting late, the chairman the meeting. A)called B)cleared D)timed 39. Though science is often imagined as a disinterested sub ject, scientists are no different ey are human beings enmeshed(陷入:卷入) in a web of personal and social circumstances A)vulnerable 40. Despite the apparent ly bewildering complexity of this procedure, the underlying principle A)calculated Imaginary D)modern I Cloze Test Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D)Choose the best one and mark your answer on the aNSWer Sheet by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points) Many birds that once flew in large numbers have vanished completely. Why have so many birds become 41 Some birds were killed by animals 42 for food. For example, during World War II, the rodents(aw 齿目动物) that came to norway on ships completely destroyed the flightless rail(秧鸡) in two years. Sometimes, the 43 birds need to survive has been destroyed. Rabbits, for example, destroyed plants that, 44 turn, caused the deaths of three fifths of the birds on an island in the Pacific Ocean Man, too, is 45 of killing birds. By 1914, the passenger pigeon was lost even though there had been millions of them in the 1800s. The Carolina parakeet was last 46 in 1920 after it had been named a garden pest and 47 for its pretty feathers. Many other birds have been lost forever Today, birds are threatened as the human population increase and as the world becomes more industrialized. Factors responsible for this problem include land clearing, swamp draining contagious bird diseases and wars. 48 birds now are 49 protected form hunters, but conservati measures are sometimes lax. 50 we change our ways, we ll find that many species of birds will disappear. 41. A)exhausted B)exhibite C)extinguished D)extinct
38. As it was getting late, the chairman _____ the meeting. A)called up B)cleared up C)wound up D)timed up 39. Though science is often imagined as a disinterested subject, scientists are no different from anyone else: they are _____ human beings enmeshed(陷入；卷入) in a web of personal and social circumstances. A)vulnerable B)rational C)careles D)passionate 40. Despite the apparently bewildering complexity of this procedure, the underlying principle is quite _____ . A)calculated B)elementary C)imaginary D)modern Part Ⅱ Cloze Test Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A,B,C and D) Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points) Many birds that once flew in large numbers have vanished completely. Why have so many birds become 41 ? Some birds were killed by animals 42 for food. For example, during World War Ⅱ, the rodents(啮 齿目动物) that came to Norway on ships completely destroyed the flightless rail(秧鸡) in two years. Sometimes, the 43 birds need to survive has been destroyed. Rabbits, for example, destroyed plants that, 44 turn, caused the deaths of three fifths of the birds on an island in the Pacific Ocean. Man, too, is 45 of killing birds. By 1914, the passenger pigeon was lost even though there had been millions of them in the 1800s. The Carolina parakeet was last 46 in 1920 after it had been named a garden pest and 47 for its pretty feathers. Many other birds have been lost forever. Today, birds are threatened as the human population increase and as the world becomes more industrialized. Factors responsible for this problem include land clearing, swamp draining, contagious bird diseases and wars. 48 birds now are 49 protected form hunters, but conservation measures are sometimes lax. 50 we change our ways, we′ll find that many species of birds will disappear. 41. A)exhausted B)exhibited C)extinguished D)extinct
42. A)liking D)living 43. A)vegetation B)vegetable D)vegetarian 44. A)by B)in C)fc B)blamed 46. A)seen B)picture D)considered B)Damage D)Endangered B)mainly ess 50. A)Unless B)If C)Eve D)Though
42. A)liking B)searching C)making D)living 43. A)vegetation B)vegetable C)vegetating D)vegetarian 44. A)by B)in C)for D)on 45. A)criticized B)blamed C)guilty D)aware 46. A)seen B)pictured C)appeared D)discovered 47. A)found B)hunted C)praised D)considered 48. A)Dangerous B)Damage C)Damaged D)Endangered 49. A)much B)mainly C)somewhat D)less 50. A)Unless B)If C)Even D)Though
Part Ill Reading comprehension Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D)Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ansWer SHEEt by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets(40 points) Passage I The status of women in colonial north america has been well studied and described and be briefly summarized. Throughout the colonial d there was a marked shortage of womer which varied with the regions and was always greatest in the frontier areas. This favorable ratio enhanced women s status and position and allowed them to pursue different careers. The Puritans. the religious sect that dominated the early british colonies in North America, regarded idlenes as a sin, and believed that life in an underdeveloped country made it absolutely necessary that each member of the community perform an economic function. Thus work for women, married or single, was not only approved, it was regarded as a civic duty. Puritan town councils expected widows and unattached women to be self supporting and for a long time provided needy spinsters(x 婚女子) with parcels of land. There was no social sanction(法令:约束) against married women working: on the contrary, wives were expected to help their husbands in their trade and won social approval for doing extra work in or out of the home. Needy children, girls as well as boys, were indentured or apprenticed and were expected to work for their keep The vast majority of women worked within their homes, where their labor produccd most articles needed for the family. The entire colonial production of cloth and clothing was in the hands of women. In addition to these occupations, women were found in many different kinds of employment. They were butchers, silversmiths, gunsmiths, upholsterers. They ran mills, plantations, tanyards shipyards, and every kind of shop, tavern, and boardinghouse. They were gatekeepers, jail keepers, sextons, journalists, printers, apothecaries, midwives, nurses, and teachers 51. According to the passage, where lonial North america were there the fewest women? A)Puritan communities B)Sea C)Frontier settlements D)Capital cities. 52. The word "enhanced" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to which of the following? B)Confirmed D)Determin 53. According to the passage, Puritans believed that an unmarried adult woman should be B)returned to England
Part Ⅲ Reading comprehension Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A,B,C and D) Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(40 points) Passage 1 The status of women in colonial North America has been well studied and described and can be briefly summarized. Throughout the colonial period there was a marked shortage of women, which varied with the regions and was always greatest in the frontier areas. This favorable ratio enhanced women′s status and position and allowed them to pursue different careers. The Puritans. the religious sect that dominated the early British colonies in North America, regarded idleness as a sin, and believed that life in an underdeveloped country made it absolutely necessary that each member of the community perform an economic function. Thus work for women, married or single, was not only approved, it was regarded as a civic duty. Puritan town councils expected widows and unattached women to be self supporting and for a long time provided needy spinsters(未 婚女子) with parcels of land. There was no social sanction (法令；约束) against married women working; on the contrary, wives were expected to help their husbands in their trade and won social approval for doing extra work in or out of the home. Needy children, girls as well as boys, were indentured or apprenticed and were expected to work for their keep. The vast majority of women worked within their homes, where their labor produccd most articles needed for the family. The entire colonial production of cloth and clothing was in the hands of women. In addition to these occupations, women were found in many different kinds of employment. They were butchers,silversmiths, gunsmiths, upholsterers. They ran mills, plantations, tanyards, shipyards,and every kind of shop, tavern, and boardinghouse. They were gatekeepers, jail keepers, sextons, journalists, printers, apothecaries,midwives, nurses, and teachers. 51. According to the passage, where in colonial North America were there the fewest women? A)Puritan communities. B)Seaports. C)Frontier settlements. D)Capital cities. 52. The word “enhanced” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to which of the following? A)Supplemented. B)Confirmed. C)Improved. D)Determined. 53. According to the passage, Puritans believed that an unmarried adult woman should be _____ . A)financially responsible for herself B)returned to England C)supported by her family D)trained to be a nurse
4. According to the passage, what did the puritans expect from married women? A) They should adopt needy children B)They should assist in their husbands' trade or business C) They should work only within their own homes D)They should be apprenticed sage 2 There are two ways to create colors in a photograph. One me thod, called additive, starts with three basic colors and adds them toge ther to produce some other color. The second method, called subtractive, starts with white light (a mixture of all colors in the spectrum) and, by taking away some or a r colors leaves the one desired. In the additive me thod, separate colored lights combine to produce various other colors. The three additive primary colors are green, red, and blue (each providing about one third of the wavelengths in the total spectrum). Mixed in varying proportions, they can produce all colors Green and red light mix to produce yellow; red and blue light mix to produce magenta; green and blue mix to produce cyan(H E). When equal parts of all three of these primary colored beams of light overlap, the mixture appears white to the eye In the subtractive process, colors are produced when dye(as in paint or color photographic materials)absorbs some wavelengths and so passes on only part of the spectrum. The subtractive primaries are cyan (a bluish green), magenta(a purplish pink), and yellow. These are the pigments or dyes that absorb red, green, and blue wavelengths, respectively, thus subtracting them from white light. These dye colors are the complementary colors to the three additive primaries of red, green, and blue. Properly combined, the subtractive primaries can absorb all colors of light, roducing black. But, mixed in varying proportions, they too can produce any color in the spectrum. Whether a particular color is obtained by adding colored lights together or by subtracting some light from the total spectrum, the result looks the same to the eye. The additive process was employed for early color photography. But the subtractive method, while requiring complex chemical techni s turned out to be more practical and is the basis of all modern color he passage mainly d ARecent development in camera technology. B)How to make white light. C) The additive and subtractive methods of producing color. D)The discovery of the spectrum 6. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase "passes on" as used in paragraph 3? A)Judges. B)Lets through C)Dies. D)Goes over 57. Which of the following is not a pair of additive subtractive primary colors? A)Yellow and blue
54. According to the passage, what did the Puritans expect from married women? A)They should adopt needy children. B)They should assist in their husbands′trade or business. C)They should work only within their own homes. D)They should be apprenticed. Passage 2 There are two ways to create colors in a photograph. One method, called additive, starts with three basic colors and adds them together to produce some other color. The second method, called subtractive, starts with white light (a mixture of all colors in the spectrum) and, by taking away some or all other colors, leaves the one desired. In the additive method, separate colored lights combine to produce various other colors. The three additive primary colors are green, red, and blue (each providing about one third of the wavelengths in the total spectrum).Mixed in varying proportions, they can produce all colors. Green and red light mix to produce yellow; red and blue light mix to produce magenta; green and blue mix to produce cyan(青色).When equal parts of all three of these primary colored beams of light overlap, the mixture appears white to the eye. In the subtractive process, colors are produced when dye (as in paint or color photographic materials) absorbs some wavelengths and so passes on only part of the spectrum. The subtractive primaries are cyan (a bluish green), magenta (a purplish pink), and yellow.These are the pigments or dyes that absorb red, green, and blue wavelengths, respectively, thus subtracting them from white light. These dye colors are the complementary colors to the three additive primaries of red, green, and blue. Properly combined, the subtractive primaries can absorb all colors of light, producing black. But, mixed in varying proportions, they too can produce any color in the spectrum. Whether a particular color is obtained by adding colored lights together or by subtracting some light from the total spectrum, the result looks the same to the eye. The additive process was employed for early color photography. But the subtractive method, while requiring complex chemical techniques, has turned out to be more practical and is the basis of all modern color films. 55. What does the passage mainly discuss? A)Recent development in camera technology. B)How to make white light. C)The additive and subtractive methods of producing color. D)The discovery of the spectrum. 56. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “passes on” as used in paragraph 3? A)Judges. B)Lets through. C)Dies. D)Goes over. 57. Which of the following is not a pair of additive and subtractive primary colors? A)Yellow and blue
B)Magenta and green C)Black and white D)Cyan and red 58. What explanation is given for the use of the subtractive method in modern color films? A)Subtractive colors are more realisti B)The subtractive process is more efficient C)Additive chemical techniques are too complex D)The additive process is still being developed. Before the 1850s the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They were small, church connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In Germany a different kind of university had developed. The German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between midcentury and the end of the 1800 s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study Some of them returned to become president of venerable colleges-Harvard, Yale, Columbia-and transform them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a sub ject, not because they were of the proper faith and had strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher scholars Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German me thod of lecturing, in which the professors own research was presented in class. Graduate training leading to the Ph. D),an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced. With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate students learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research. At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric (1#),and music. The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own courses of study. The notion of ma jor fields of study emerged. The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world. Paying close heed(注意:重视) to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime. Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists. social welfare workers, and teachers 9. The word "this" in line ll, paragraph 2 refers to which of the following A)Creating and passing on knowledge B)Drilling and learning by rote. C)Disciplining students D)Developing moral principles
B)Magenta and green. C)Black and white. D)Cyan and red. 58. What explanation is given for the use of the subtractive method in modern color films? A)Subtractive colors are more realistic. B)The subtractive process is more efficient. C)Additive chemical techniques are too complex. D)The additive process is still being developed. Passage 3 Before the 1850′s the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They were small, church connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students. Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In Germany a different kind of university had developed. The German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between midcentury and the end of the 1800′s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study.Some of them returned to become presidents of venerable colleges－Harvard, Yale, Columbia-and transform them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students.The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher scholars. Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor′s own research was presented in class. Graduate training leading to the Ph.D), an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced. With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate students learned to question, analyze,and conduct their own research. At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old,constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric(修辞学), and music.The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own courses of study. The notion of major fields of study emerged. The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world. Paying close heed(注意；重视) to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime. Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists.social welfare workers, and teachers. 59. The word “this” in line 11, paragraph 2 refers to which of the following? A)Creating and passing on knowledge. B)Drilling and learning by rote. C)Disciplining students. D)Developing moral principles