Carnot的主要贡献 Q普适的热机理论 In order to consider in the most general way the principle of the production of motion by heat,it must be considered independently of any mechanism or any particular agent.It is necessary to establish principles applicable not only to steam-engines but to all imaginable heat-engines,whatever the working substance and whatever the method by which it is operated. 0. 超越热机理论：普适的热理论 We shall have it (the theory of heat-engines)only when the laws of physics shall be extended enough,generalized enough,to make known beforehand all the effects of heat acting in a determined manner on any body. 0 Carnot对热力学的贡献 系统状态，准静态过程，循环，可逆过程/不可逆过程Carnot 的主要贡献 普适的热机理论 In order to consider in the most general way the principle of the production of motion by heat, it must be considered independently of any mechanism or any particular agent. It is necessary to establish principles applicable not only to steam-engines but to all imaginable heat-engines, whatever the working substance and whatever the method by which it is operated. 超越热机理论：普适的热理论 We shall have it (the theory of heat-engines) only when the laws of physics shall be extended enough, generalized enough, to make known beforehand all the effects of heat acting in a determined manner on any body. Carnot 对热力学的贡献 系统状态，准静态过程，循环，可逆过程/不可逆过程