2.4 Carnot定理 Carnot理想热机 "Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire and on Machines Fitted to Develop that Power",Sadi Carnot (1824) Q主要目的：提高热机效率 如何提高热机效率效率，热机效率是否有上限？ Q普适的热机理论：对热机工作提供一个完整的理论认识 (steam-engines')theory is very little understood,and the attempts to improve them are still directed almost by chance....The phenomenon of the production of motion by heat has not been considered from a sufficiently general point of view....Machines which do not receive their motion from heat...can be studied even to their smallest details by the mechanical theory.All cases are foreseen,all imaginable movements are referred to these general principles,firmly established,and applicable under all circumstances.This is the character of a complete theory.A similar theory is evidently needed for heat-engines. 2.4 Carnot 定理 Carnot 理想热机 “Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire and on Machines Fitted to Develop that Power”, Sadi Carnot (1824) 主要目的：提高热机效率 如何提高热机效率效率，热机效率是否有上限？ 普适的热机理论：对热机工作提供一个完整的理论认识 · · · (steam-engines’) theory is very little understood, and the attempts to improve them are still directed almost by chance. · · · The phenomenon of the production of motion by heat has not been considered from a sufficiently general point of view. · · · Machines which do not receive their motion from heat · · · can be studied even to their smallest details by the mechanical theory. All cases are foreseen, all imaginable movements are referred to these general principles, firmly established, and applicable under all circumstances. This is the character of a complete theory. A similar theory is evidently needed for heat-engines. · · ·