Optimizing packaging 447 Suitability of the empty package for incineration This is evaluated as follows I point: cannot be incinerated under any conditions, e.g., metal can 2 points: can be incinerated in a plant specialized for problem waste 3 points: can be incinerated in a plant for municipal waste 4 points: can be incinerated in a power plant for fossil fuel resources 5 points: can be incinerated in the home Marketing properties of a package These are evaluated by awarding scores between I and 5 on the following basis I point: package design or packaging material does not meet the requirements of brand/company image and logistics, it has poor printability, insufficient space for labels and poor visibility on the shelf 5 points: excellent package design, proper packaging material, excellent printability, enough space for labels, excellent visibility of the packaged product on the shelf. Consumer convenience This is evaluated by awarding scores between I and 5 points as follows I point: package dimensions and sharp corners make it difficult to handle carry, store and dispose of, it is difficult to open without a tool and/or spillage of the product, it is not resealable, and is not suitable for microwave ovens 5 points: package is easy to handle, carry, store and dispose of/re-use, as well as being easy to open, and reseal, and is suitable for microwave ovens, if necessary These( Sc) are calculated using eqn 2 based on the annual production reports given by the food manufacturers and the corresponding cost information for the necessary primary packaging materials given by the different packaging material manufacturers. The cost of the packaging material is first scored by the food manufacturers. as follows I point represents a packaging material cost that is far too high compared to the total manufacturing cost of the product, whereas 5 points equals a very economical ratio of packaging material costs to the total manufacturing cost Sc=[4/(e1-c)-1·(cs-cx)+5 where cr and cs are the costs corresponding to 1 and 5 points, respectively awarded by the food manufacturer, and cx is the cost of the packaging material of the sample. For example, if the food manufacturers rate packaging materials costs of 0.03 t/package for a specified product as very economical whereas 0.13Suitability of the empty package for incineration This is evaluated as follows: • 1 point: cannot be incinerated under any conditions, e.g., metal can. • 2 points: can be incinerated in a plant specialized for problem waste. • 3 points: can be incinerated in a plant for municipal waste. • 4 points: can be incinerated in a power plant for fossil fuel resources. • 5 points: can be incinerated in the home. Marketing properties of a package These are evaluated by awarding scores between 1 and 5 on the following basis: • 1 point: package design or packaging material does not meet the requirements of brand/company image and logistics, it has poor printability, insufficient space for labels and poor visibility on the shelf. • 5 points: excellent package design, proper packaging material, excellent printability, enough space for labels, excellent visibility of the packaged product on the shelf. Consumer convenience This is evaluated by awarding scores between 1 and 5 points as follows: • 1 point: package dimensions and sharp corners make it difficult to handle, carry, store and dispose of, it is difficult to open without a tool and/or spillage of the product, it is not resealable, and is not suitable for microwave ovens. • 5 points: package is easy to handle, carry, store and dispose of/re-use, as well as being easy to open, and reseal, and is suitable for microwave ovens, if necessary. Scored costs of packaging material These (ˆ Sc) are calculated using eqn 2 based on the annual production reports given by the food manufacturers and the corresponding cost information for the necessary primary packaging materials given by the different packaging material manufacturers. The cost of the packaging material is first scored by the food manufacturers, as follows: • 1 point represents a packaging material cost that is far too high compared to the total manufacturing cost of the product, whereas • 5 points equals a very economical ratio of packaging material costs to the total manufacturing cost. Sc ˆ ‰4=…c1 ÿ c5†Šÿ1
…c5 ÿ cx† ‡ 5 …2† where c1 and c5 are the costs corresponding to 1 and 5 points, respectively, awarded by the food manufacturer, and cx is the cost of the packaging material of the sample. For example, if the food manufacturers rate packaging materials costs of 0.03=C/package for a specified product as very economical whereas 0.13 Optimizing packaging 447