448 Novel food packaging techniques e/package is far too expensive, 5 points would be awarded to 0.03 t/package, 3 points to 0.08 t/package and 1 point 0. 13 t/package Indirect packaging costs These are estimated by including storage, transportation, energy consumption and labour costs. The estimations are made qualitatively. That is, different package types(nlowpacks, form-fill-sealed-packs, preformed trays)are ranked against each other on a scale of 1 to 5 21.3. 4 Evaluating the importance of package characteristics After the characteristics of the selected, alternative packages have been scored, the importance of the characteristics is evaluated by the food and packaging material manufacturers, the wholesaler and independent packaging technology and plastics industry specialists. As an example, the importance of the characteristics evaluated by the food and packaging material manufacturers is presented in Fig. 21.3 21.3.5 Caleulating the coefficients The coefficients I for each of the characteristics are then calculated as follows (eqn 3) =0.4j+0.25·l+0.25i+0.1 Indirect packaging costs Cost of packaging Consumer convenience Marketing properties Possibility of Volume of package waste 口 Food manufacturers Suitability with standards manufacturers Mechanical strength Importance of the characteristics(%) Fig. 21.3 The importance of the various characteristics of packages evaluated by Finnish food manufacturers and packaging material manufacturers=C/package is far too expensive, 5 points would be awarded to 0.03=C/package, 3 points to 0.08 =C/package and 1 point 0.13 =C/package. Indirect packaging costs These are estimated by including storage, transportation, energy consumption and labour costs. The estimations are made qualitatively. That is, different package types (flowpacks, form-fill-sealed-packs, preformed trays) are ranked against each other on a scale of 1 to 5. 21.3.4 Evaluating the importance of package characteristics After the characteristics of the selected, alternative packages have been scored, the importance of the characteristics is evaluated by the food and packaging material manufacturers, the wholesaler and independent packaging technology and plastics industry specialists. As an example, the importance of the characteristics evaluated by the food and packaging material manufacturers is presented in Fig. 21.3. 21.3.5 Calculating the coefficients The coefficients I for each of the characteristics are then calculated as follows (eqn 3): I ˆ 0:4
if ‡ 0:25
ip ‡ 0:25
iw ‡ 0:1
is …3† Fig. 21.3 The importance of the various characteristics of packages evaluated by Finnish food manufacturers and packaging material manufacturers. 448 Novel food packaging techniques