vBY=VLYd+VLyF +Vla LYD+VLA (BY-LYDy a Summing up along the row direction Decompose value-added generated from each country-sector pair in terms of where it goes igure la Decomposition of GDP Which types of production and trade are global value chain activities? A country/sector's total Value-added (V) GDP bv industry Forward linkage GVC Participation Ratio: In production of final V GVC In production of final In production of products to domestic market directly(V D) exports directly intermediate exports M-RT) V_GVC sorbed by direct Re-export/re-import importer Complex GVCs Simple GVCs N GVC C)𝑽෡𝑩𝒀෡ = 𝑉෠𝐿𝑌෠𝐷 + 𝑉෠𝐿𝑌෠𝐹 + 𝑉෠𝐿𝐴 𝐹𝐿𝑌෠𝐷 + 𝑉෠𝐿𝐴 𝐹 (𝐵𝑌෠ − 𝐿𝑌෠𝐷) Figure 1a Decomposition of GDP — Which types of production and trade are Global Value Chain activities?  Summing up along the row direction: Decompose value-added generated from each country-sector pair in terms of where it goes. Forward Linkage GVC Participation Ratio: 𝑉_𝐺𝑉𝐶 𝑉