Activation of effector cells To combat pathogens that replicate outside cells,antibodies bind to pathogens to link them together,causing them to agglutinate.Since an 2 antibody has at least two paratopes,it can bind more than one antigen l epitopes cam oe sur es of these antigen ogens have Fo receptor on a particular cell triggers an effector function of that cell; eutrophils will microbe The activation of natural killer cells by antibodies initiates a cytotoxic mechanism known as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)-this process may explain the effica oclonal antibodies us d in bio system approp Natural antibodies Humansand higher"that re viral en d the classica complement pathway leading to lysis of enveloped virus particles ong before the adaptive immune response is activated.Many natural antibodies are directed against the disaccharide galactose (1,3)-galactose(a-Gal), which is found satemitnlsgaronghcovlhlodcelsurfaoeP9lesandgCneatedinponseo s sugar by bac ting in the serumo antigen Immunoglobulin diversity an antibody resp of mic aries allowin them to interact with many different antigens 34 It has been estimated that humans generate about 10 billion different antibodies,each capable of binding a distinct epitope of an antigen.Although a huge repertoire of different antibodies is generated in a single individual,the number of genes available to make th ese proteins is limited by the size of the humar genome entaieBoestogmerateadesepeol antibody genes.36 Domain variability The chromosomal region that encodes an antibody is large and contains several distinct gene loci for each domain of the ound on )are 22 and 2 in hur of these domai hich nt in heavy and light chain of every antibody,but can differ in different antibodies generated from distinct B cells (C)D