正在加载图片...
第4期 ZHANG Tianjie,et al.:A modified consensus algorithm for multi-UAV formations based on pigeon-inspired optimization with a slow diving strategy ·575. 2.3 Convergence analysis of SD-PIO based on velocities,z(i)is theith element of z(t),i1,2,..., Banach fixed-point theorem 2n} In this section,convergence analysis of SD-PIO is z(i)∈u(z(t)=[xan(d))…xa(t)h(t)…u(t)]' performed and a sufficient condition is proposed for the z()∈z),3K∈Na.st.u(2(t)=K&(). first part of SD-PIO SD-PIO-I).The main method d(T(a),T(a2)=max|T(a)-T(2)|= 1安12山 adopted to prove the stability of iteration is the Banach max Fz+Bu(z)-Fz2 Bu(z2)= 1名i名2m fixed-point theorem,as stated below: ‖Fz1+BK11-Fz2-BK22‖。(13) A map T from a normed space (V,d())into itself There is is a contraction if there exists入∈[0,l)such that for L=F(a-2)+B.[0…xa-x%0…6-%0…0] alx,y∈V,d(T(x),T(y))≤Ad(x,y) (14) In the first part of SD-PIO,each pigeon updates s.t.L=ll Fz +BK2-Fz2 BK222ll,thus the its speed and location according to Eq.(10),which largest element of Fz+BK21-Fz2 BK222 is can be transformed as selected and denoted as supposing it is thej thelement.F.and B..are the whole j th row of F and B, exp(-Rt) respectively.Ifjn,is the j th element of K121 -K2z2 and via-v2 is the (j n)th one, (12) otherwisex-xz is the (j-n)th element and v-v when it considers all the pigeons,(t 1)= is the j th one. Fz(t)+Bu(z(t)), |L=|F.(a-2)+B.[0…k4z0…k40…0]= where z(t)=[x(t)…xn(t),(t)…vn(t)]T, |F(a1-z2)+B.[0…k1…k2…0]4z≤ [1-9 exp(-Rt) ‖F(a1-2)+BK(a1-a2)‖。≤ lF+BK‖m‖a1-22‖。=lF+BKld(z1,a2) 1-ro exp(-Rt) (15) exp(-Rt) Whee4=maxl(i)-z(i)l,k,=xa-xsl/△, 1名i62 |k2=。-2sl/△,k,k2∈[-1,0)U(0,1], -rO exp(-Rt)」 「0 01 1-9 k K= ,,k2 lies in the j th column, 1- k2 B =r 1- Lo 0 The equation holds if and only ifx=v- 1-9 026=Az. u(z(t)=[xeai(t)…xuan(t)un(t)…tahn(t)] The Banach fixed-point theorem requires llF+ If iteration z(t+1)=Fz(t)+Bu(z(t))has a fixed- BKI∈[0,1) pointed',as a result,z'=Fz·+Bu(z),then max1-or exp(-Rt)+rk o +rk2(1-), SD-PIO-I will converge to 2'and each pigeon will gr exp(-Rt)+rk rk2(1-p)<1 reach its final stable location as time tends to infinity. Denoting Z as a real number space R"and distance -仁120e1-o d(y)=yyeZ,Zhas been proven (16) as a complete metric space.There is a map T:Z-Z, Equation (16)is a sufficient condition for the T(z)=Fz+Bu(z),whereF∈R2xn,B∈R2nxn, convergence of SD-PIO-I,once it is satisfied,we have u(z)=K2x2n2,then Vz1,2∈Z,T(z1),T(a2)∈Z, d(T(x),T(y)≤IF+BKld(x,y),IF+BKIe∈ it can be proven that if d(T(x),T(y))sAd(x,y), [0,1),there exists a fixed-point z'satisfying z'= A [0,1),there exists a fixed-point which satisfies Fz·+Bu(z) the condition 2'=T(2)=Fz'Bu(z)and the x=v+x states of SD-PIO-I converge to z'.The following x=x+exp(-Ri)v'+r(imx)+(1-)vi] proves this conclusion. (17) Because the best local location and the slowest m°=0 Equation(17)→ .the states of SD-PIO-I speed are among all the pigeons'locations and2. 3 Convergence analysis of SD⁃PIO based on Banach fixed⁃point theorem In this section, convergence analysis of SD⁃PIO is performed and a sufficient condition is proposed for the first part of SD⁃PIO ( SD⁃PIO⁃I). The main method adopted to prove the stability of iteration is the Banach fixed⁃point theorem, as stated below: A map T from a normed space (V,d()) into itself is a contraction if there exists λ ∈ [0,1) such that for all x,y ∈ V,d(T(x),T(y)) ≤ λd(x,y) . In the first part of SD⁃PIO, each pigeon updates its speed and location according to Eq. (10), which can be transformed as xi(t + 1) vi(t + 1) é ë ê ê ù û ú ú = 1 - rφ exp( - Rt) - rφ exp( - Rt) é ë ê ê ù û ú ú xi(t) vi(t) é ë ê ê ù û ú ú + r φ 1 - φ φ 1 - φ é ë ê ê ù û ú ú xlbest vslow é ë ê ê ù û ú ú (12) when it considers all the pigeons, z(t + 1) = Fz(t) + Bu(z(t)) , where z(t) = x1(t) … xn(t) v1(t) … v [ n(t) ] T , F = 1 - rφ exp( - Rt) ⋱ ⋱ 1 - rφ exp( - Rt) - rφ exp( - Rt) ⋱ ⋱ - rφ exp( - Rt) é ë ê ê ê ê ê ê ê ù û ú ú ú ú ú ú ú B = r φ 1 - φ ⋱ ⋱ φ 1 - φ φ 1 - φ ⋱ ⋱ φ 1 - φ é ë ê ê ê ê ê ê ê ù û ú ú ú ú ú ú ú u(z(t))= xlbest1(t) … xlbestn(t) vslow1(t) … v [ slown(t)] T . If iteration z(t + 1) = Fz(t) + Bu(z(t)) has a fixed⁃ pointed z ∗ , as a result, z ∗ = Fz ∗ + Bu(z ∗ ) , then SD⁃PIO⁃I will converge to z ∗ and each pigeon will reach its final stable location as time tends to infinity. Denoting Z as a real number space R n and distance d(x,y) = max 1≤i≤2n xi - yi ,x,y ∈ Z,Zhas been proven as a complete metric space. There is a map T:Z → Z, T(z) = Fz + Bu(z) ,where F ∈ R2n×2n , B ∈ R2n×2n , u(z) = K2n×2n z, then ∀z1 ,z2 ∈Z, T(z1 ),T(z2 ) ∈Z, it can be proven that if d(T(x),T(y)) ≤ λd(x,y), λ ∈[0,1), there exists a fixed⁃point which satisfies the condition z ∗ = T(z ∗ ) = Fz ∗ + Bu(z ∗ ) and the states of SD⁃PIO⁃I converge to z ∗ . The following proves this conclusion. Because the best local location and the slowest speed are among all the pigeons ’ locations and velocities, z(i) is theith element of z(t), i ∈ {1,2,…, 2n} ∀z(i)∈u(z(t))= xlbest1(t) … xlbestn(t) vslow1(t) … v [ slown(t)] T z(i) ∈z(t),∃K ∈N2n×2n,s.t. u(z(t))= Kz(t) . d(T(z1 ),T(z2 )) = max 1≤i≤2n T(z1 ) - T(z2 ) = max 1≤i≤2n Fz1 + Bu(z1 ) - Fz2 - Bu(z2 ) = ‖Fz1 + BK1 z1 - Fz2 - BK2 z2‖¥ (13) There is Lj = F·j (z1 -z2) +B·j [0 … x1a - x2b 0 … v1a - v2b 0 … 0] T (14) s.t. Lj =‖ Fz1 + BK1 z1 - Fz2 - BK2 z2‖¥, thus the largest element of Fz1 + BK1 z1 - Fz2 - BK2 z2 is selected and denoted as Lj supposing it is the j thelement. F·j and B·j are the whole j th row of F and B, respectively. If j ≤ n,x1a - x2b is the j th element of K1 z1 -K2 z2 and v1a - v2b is the (j + n) th one, otherwise x1a - x2b is the (j - n) th element and v1a - v2b is the j th one. Lj = F·j (z1 - z2)+ B·j [0 … k1Δz 0 … k2Δz 0 … 0] T = F·j (z1 - z2 ) + B·j [0…k1…k2…0] TΔz ≤ ‖F(z1 - z2 ) + BK(z1 - z2 )‖¥ ≤ ‖F + BK‖¥‖z1 - z2‖¥ = ‖F + BK‖¥d(z1 ,z2 ) (15) Where Δz = max 1≤i≤2n z1(i) - z2(i) , k1 = x1a - x2b / Δz, k2 = v1a - v2b / Δz,k1 ,k2 ∈ [ - 1,0) ∪ (0,1], K = 0 0 ⋱ k1 ︙ k2 0 0 é ë ê ê ê ê ê ê ù û ú ú ú ú ú ú ,k1 ,k2 lies in the j th column, The equation holds if and only if x1a - x2b = v1a - v2b = Δz . The Banach fixed⁃point theorem requires ‖F + BK‖¥ ∈ [0,1) ⇔max{ 1 - φr + exp( - Rt) + rk1φ + rk2(1 - φ) , - φr + exp( - Rt) + rk1φ + rk2(1 - φ) } < 1 ⇔ - 1 < - φr + exp( - Rt) + rk1φ + rk2(1 - φ)<0 - 1 ≤ k1 ,k2 ≤ 1,k1 k2 ≠ 0 { (16) Equation ( 16) is a sufficient condition for the convergence of SD⁃PIO⁃I, once it is satisfied, we have d(T(x),T(y))≤‖F + BK‖¥d(x,y),‖F + BK‖¥ ∈ [0,1), there exists a fixed⁃point z ∗ satisfying z ∗ = Fz ∗ +Bu(z ∗ ) x ∗= v ∗+ x ∗ x ∗= x ∗+ exp(- Rt)v ∗+ r[φ(x ∗ lbest - x ∗ ) + (1 - φ)v ∗ slow] { (17) Equation (17) ⇒ v ∗ = 0 x ∗ = x ∗ lbest { , the states of SD⁃PIO⁃I ·575· 第 4 期 ZHANG Tianjie, et al.:A modified consensus algorithm for multi⁃UAV formations based on pigeon⁃inspired optimization with a slow diving strategy
<<向上翻页向下翻页>>
©2008-现在 cucdc.com 高等教育资讯网 版权所有