viii PREFACE PREFACE 年 Underlying the general theme of the writing is the belief that,while eco- son,Dr.Albert Feuerwerker,Professor Wolfgang Franke,Professor Bayard nomic conditions and ideological interplay may be major factors in defining an Lyon,Mr.Roderick L.MacFarquhar,and Mr.Mark Mancall.Acknowledg- event such as the May Fourth Movement,other elements are also very influ- ment is also made of the assistance received from Dr.Arthur W.Hummel,Dr. ential.These include historical background,political setting,social organization Edward Beal,Jr,Dr.K.T.Wu,and particularly Mr.Liang Hsi,all of the and social psychology,personal leadership and participation,as well as some Library of Congress,from Dr.A.K.Ch'iu and other librarians of the Harvard- small but probably key incidents.Efforts have been made to analyze some of Yenching Library,from those of the University of Michigan Library and Mr. these factors with respect to the movement. Kuang-huan Lu of the Columbia University Library.None of those mentioned The book falls into two parts.In the first part,activities and events are de- above,of course,bears responsibility for the views expressed.Finally,I wish to scribed and analyzed in chronological order,with the exception of Chapter thank Harvard University Press for its great assistance in the publication of VIII which has been inserted somewhat out of sequence to provide background this volume. for the following chapter.In the second part of the book,main literary and CHOW TSE-TSUNG intellectual currents are separately analyzed and examined in some detail.A Cambridge,Massachusetts full Bibliography,a Glossary of Chinese and Japanese Names and Terms,with October 1959 characters,and an annotated list of periodicals current during the May Fourth period are published separately. I am deeply indebted to Professor Robert E.Ward of the University of Michigan.Without his encouragement,guidance,and assistance the study could not have been accomplished.I am most grateful to Professor John K. Fairbank of Harvard University and to Mrs.Wilma Fairbank for their in- cessant encouragement and help in the writing and publishing of the work.In the preparation of the manuscript for publication,Mrs.Fairbank has not only extended extremely painstaking editorship,but also made a number of critical and helpful remarks which greatly improved the presentation of the subject. Profound gratitude should also be expressed to Professor Benjamin Schwartz of the same university for many inspiring discussions and for his reading of most of the manuscript and making a number of valuable comments and sug- gestions.I am grateful to Mr.Bertrand Russell for his letter discussing his stay in China during the latter part of the movement.I also thank Dr.Hu Shih and Dr.Carsun Chang for interesting and illuminating discussions of the sub- ject.To my colleague at Harvard University,Professor Lien-sheng Yang,and former colleague,Professor Masataka Banno,I owe great appreciation for sav- ing me from many errors in romanizations in the footnotes.I wish to acknowl- edge the valuable comments on certain chapters made by Professors James I. Crump,Jr Russell H.Fifield,John W.Hall,and James H.Meisel of the University of Michigan.Professor Nathaniel Peffer of Columbia University, an eyewitness of the movement in China from I9I5 to Ig21,has given me first. hand information.I am also much indebted to the following friends for read- ing parts of the manuscript:Mr.Morton Abramowitz,Mr.William F.Daniel-