CONTENTS I Introduction Definition of the Movement Economic,Social,and Political Background 6 Significance of the Movement in Historical Perspective II PART ONE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOVEMENT II Forces that Precipitated the Movement,1915-1918 19 Humiliation of Patriots at Home (Impact of the Twenty-one Demands) Reforming Zeal of Students Abroad 25 I I I The Initial Phase of the Movement:Early Literary and Intellectual Activities,1917-1919 41 Establishment of New Youth Magazine Reforms at Peking University The Alliance of the New Intellectuals and the Establishment of New Tide Magazine Reform Views of the New Intellectuals 58 The Opposition's Argument and the Rejoinder Response of the Youth to the New Ferment 7 The Anti-Japanese Petition of May 19t8 IV The May Fourth Incident y China's Failure at the Versailles Peace Conjerence 4 Chinese Public Sentiment in Respect to the Peace Treaty 8g Disillusioning News from Paris The Students:Their Character and Organization 94 The May Fourth Demonstration From the Legation Quarter to Tsao Julin's House I09 V Developments Following the Incident:Student Demonstrations and Strikes 117 Immediate Reaction of the Government 118 Establishment of the Peking Student Union and Mobilization of the Intellectuals 120 Student Support from Other Cities 129 The President's Disciplinary Mandates and Tsai Yian-p'ei's Departure I3 The Students General Strike 9