xi· CONTENTS CONTENTS ·xi Humanitarianism,Naturalism,and Romanticism:The Society for V I Further Developments:Support from Merchants, Literary Studies and the Creation Society 283 Industrialists,and Workers 145 From Literary Revolution to Revolutionary Literature 287 The Government's Failure to Secure a Compromise from the Students I45 Mass Arrests of June 2,3,and 4 I48 X II The New Thought and Re-evaluation of the Tradition 289 The June Fijth Merchants and Workers Strikes in Shanghai 151 The Hard Core of the Old Thought Settlement of the May Fourth Incident:Fall of the Cabinet and 28g New Thoughts:Realism,Utilitarianism,Liberalism,Individualism, Refusal to Sign the Peace Treaty 158 Socialism,and Darwinism Attempts to Split the Students ajter the Settlement 293 I67 New Methods:Pragmatic,Skeptical,and Agnostic Approaches and the Some Questions Regarding the Settlement I68 Beginning of Marxist Infuence 297 "Down with Confucius and Sons" VII Expansion of the New Culture Movement,1919-1920 171 30o Increasing Unity among the New Intellectuals 71 X I II The New Thought and Later Controversies 314 Invigorated Programs of New Youth and New Tide I74 Doubts on Antiquity Rapid Increase of New Publications and Revamping of Old 176 34 Re-evaluation and Reorganization of the National Heritage 182 37 The Rising Tide of Iconoclasm The Antireligious Movement New Intellectual,Social,and Political Organizations 87 320 Public Education Sponsored by the New Intellectuals The Controversy over Eastern and Western Civilizations I9I 327 Increaring Support for the New Culture Movement The Polemic on Science and Metaphysics I94 V I II Foreign Attitudes Toward the Movement 197 X IV Conclusicn:Various Interpretations and Evaluations 338 A Renaissance,Rsjormaion,or Enlightenment-The Liberals Views The Japanese Reaction 97 8 A Catastrophe to Chisa--Criticisms by the Conservative Nationalists Two Contrasting Western Attitudes:Sympathy and Suspicion 20t and Traditionalists 20g 34 The Soviet Appeal An Anti-Imperialist and Antifeudal Movement Called Forth by Lenin- The Communist Interpretation 347 IX The Ideological and Political Split,1919-1921 215 Who Led the Movement? 355 Major Intellectual Groups Involved in the Split 215 The Real Nature of the Movement-A Suggested Interpretation 358 "Problems and Isms" 2r8 Achievements and Shortcomings Reappraised 36r Sociopolitical Activism versus Cultural Activism 222 Some Further Considerations 366 Democracy,Capitalism,Socialism,and Westernization 228 Participation in Politics 239 A Chronology of Relevant Events,1914-1923 371 X Sociopolitical Consequences,1920-1922 254 Appendixes 379 Reorientation of Political and Economic Organizations 254 A.A Brief Analysis of the Social Forces in the May Fourth Period 379 The Emancipation of Women B.The Number of Schools and Students Involved in the May Fourth Reforms in Education Incident Later Trends in the Student Movement C.Universities and Colleges Involved in the May Fourth Incident 386 D.Data on Workers Strikes in China,1918-1926 3 PART TWO Notes 391 ANALYSIS OF MAIN INTELLECTUAL CURRENTS Index 457 XI The Literary Revolution 269 The Old Literature 26g Advocacy of Realism and the Vernacular in Literary Writing 271 Opposition to the Literary Reform 279