Issues in Ecology Number 8 Winter 2001 potential to enhance global fish supplies and provide food for McKinnell,S.and Thomson,A.J.Recent events concerning the world's growing population.both public and private sec Atlantic slamon escapees in the Pacific.ICES Jour tors must embrace a shared vision of a sustainable industry. nal of Marine Science 54,1221-1225 (1997). On the public side.governments can support research and Gross,M.R.One species with two biologies:Atlantic salmon development on environmentally benign aquaculture systems, (Salmo salar)in the wild and in aquaculture.Can.J eliminate implicit subsidies for cologically unsound practices Fish.Aquat.Sci.55(Suppl.1),1-14(1998). and establish and enforce regulations to protect coastal eco- Hargreaves.J.A.Nitrogen biogeochemistry of aquaculture systems.At the same time,the private sector must alter ponds.Aquaculture 166,181-212(1998). course and recognize that current practices that Tacon,A.J.and De Silva,S S.Feed preparation and feec ther pressures on ocean fish management strategies within semi-intensive fish water sin the tropics.Aquaculture 151 to the ir alth If publi and private inte th d。 rfeeding by the freshwater mus res unsustainable trer 71.65817g90 tion to g cult G ari d chil 6utas0ioih3roses at no only to ocean for output. 0eure156,45-61 1997 ACKNOWI EDGMENTS ABOUT THE PANEL OF SCIENTISTS The athorsthnkLce Packard Foundaion for funding and M ams,W.Falcon,V. Dr.Rosamond L Naylor.Panel chair.Institute for Interna N. Jauncey,C.Tirado,R.Hoguet,R tional Studies,Stanford University,Stanford,CA. Tatum,and R.Mitchell for helpful comments and assistance 94305 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING Dr.Rebecca J.Goldburg,Environmental Defense,257 Park Avenue South.New York.NY.10010 Naylor,R.et al.Effectof 0 world fish supplies Dr.Jurgenne Primavera,Aquaculture Department,South east Asian Fisheries Development Center,Tiqbauan Naylor,R. et al.Natu and salmor lloilo,5021.Philippines 282.883 Dr.Nils Kautsky,Department of Systems Ecology.Stockholm and si security in University and the Beiier Institute,Stockholm,Swe 51(1997). Dr.Malcolm C.M.Beveridge,Institute of culture,Uni Pauly.D.Christensen,V..Dalsgaard,J.Froese,R.and Torres versity or Stining Stirling.FK9 4LA F Ir.Fishina down marine webs.Science 279 860. Dr.Jason Clay,World und,1250 24h Street NW 86319981 nington,DC 2003 National Research council.sustaining marine fisheries (Na Dr.Car Systems Ecology.Stockholm tional Academy Press washington DC 1999) ersity and the Beijer.St kholm,Swe Tacon.A.G.J.Feeding tomorrow's fish.World Aquaculture 27,20-32(1996). Dr.Jane ogy.Oregon Stat Pauly,D.and Christensen,V.Primary production required ty Op o 733 to sustain alobal fisheries.Nature 374.255-257 Dr.Harold Mo t of piol cal Science 1995. sity,Stanfor Primavera,J.H.Mangroves as nurseries:shrimp populations CA.94305 Dr.Max Troell.Department of Systems Ecolog y Stockholn in mangrove and non-mangrove habitats.Est.Coast. Shelf Sci.46.457-464(1998 University and the Beijer Institute,Stockholm Folke,C.and Kautsky.N.The role of ecosystems for a sus Sweden 239pmamtoanuateAntbo18.234 11 Issues in Ecology Number 8 Winter 2001 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank the David and Lucile Packard Foundation for funding and M. Williams, W. Falcon, V. Spruill, M. Drew, N. Wada, R. Kautsky, K. Jauncey, C. Tirado, R. Hoguet, R. Tatum, and R. Mitchell for helpful comments and assistance. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING Naylor, R. et al. Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature 405, 1017-1024 (2000). Naylor, R. et al. Nature’s subsidies to shrimp and salmon farming. Science 282, 883-884 (1998). Williams, M. Aquaculture and sustainable food security in the developing world. Sustainable Aquaculture, 15- 51 (1997). Pauly, D., Christensen, V., Dalsgaard, J., Froese, R. and Torres, F. Jr. Fishing down marine webs. Science 279, 860- 863 (1998). National Research Council. Sustaining Marine Fisheries (Na￾tional Academy Press, Washington D.C., 1999). Tacon, A. G. J. Feeding tomorrow’s fish. World Aquaculture 27, 20-32 (1996). Pauly, D. and Christensen, V. Primary production required to sustain global fisheries. Nature 374, 255-257 (1995). Primavera, J. H. Mangroves as nurseries: shrimp populations in mangrove and non-mangrove habitats. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 46, 457-464 (1998). Folke, C. and Kautsky, N. The role of ecosystems for a sus￾tainable development of aquaculture. Ambio 18, 234- 243 (1989). McKinnell, S. and Thomson, A. J. Recent events concerning Atlantic slamon escapees in the Pacific. ICES Jour￾nal of Marine Science 54, 1221-1225 (1997). Gross, M. R. One species with two biologies: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the wild and in aquaculture. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55 (Suppl. 1), 1-14 (1998). Hargreaves, J. A. Nitrogen biogeochemistry of aquaculture ponds. Aquaculture 166, 181-212 (1998). Tacon, A. J. and De Silva, S. S. Feed preparation and feed management strategies within semi-intensive fish farming systems in the tropics. Aquaculture 151, 379-404 (1997). Soto, D. and Mena, G. Filter feeding by the freshwater mus￾sel, Diplodon chilensis, as a biocontrol of salmon farm￾ing eutrophication. Aquaculture 171, 65-81 (1999). Troell, M. et al. Integrated marine cultivation of Gracilaria chilensis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) and salmon cages for reduced environmental impact and in￾creased economic output. Aquaculture 156, 45-61 (1997). ABOUT THE PANEL OF SCIENTISTS Dr. Rosamond L. Naylor, Panel Chair, Institute for Interna￾tional Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 Dr. Rebecca J. Goldburg, Environmental Defense, 257 Park Avenue South, New York, NY, 10010 Dr. Jurgenne Primavera, Aquaculture Department, South￾east Asian Fisheries Development Center, Tigbauan, Iloilo, 5021, Philippines Dr. Nils Kautsky, Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University and the Beijer Institute, Stockholm, Swe￾den Dr. Malcolm C. M. Beveridge, Institute of Aquaculture, Uni￾versity of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK Dr. Jason Clay, World Wildlife Fund, 1250 24th Street NW, Washington, DC 20037 Dr. Carl Folke, Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University and the Beijer Institute, Stockholm, Swe￾den Dr. Jane Lubchenco, Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvalles, OR, 97331 Dr. Harold Mooney, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 Dr. Max Troell, Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University and the Beijer Institute, Stockholm, Sweden potential to enhance global fish supplies and provide food for the world’s growing population, both public and private sec￾tors must embrace a shared vision of a sustainable industry. On the public side, governments can support research and development on environmentally benign aquaculture systems, eliminate implicit subsidies for ecologically unsound practices, and establish and enforce regulations to protect coastal eco￾systems. At the same time, the private sector must alter its course and recognize that current practices that lead to fur￾ther pressures on ocean fish stocks, destruction of coastal habitats, water pollution, and introductions of pathogens and non-native fish run counter to the industry’s long-term health. If public and private interests act jointly to reduce the environmental costs generated by fish farming, present unsustainable trends can be reversed and aquaculture can make an increasingly positive contribution to global fish sup￾plies. Without this shared vision, however, an expanded aquac￾ulture industry poses a threat, not only to ocean fisheries, but also to itself