CONTENTS xi 16 Forging 564 16-1 Classification of Forging Processes 16-2 Forging Equipment 16-3 Forging in Plane Strain 16-4 Open-Die Forging 16-5 Closed-Die Forging 16-6 Calculation of Forging Loads in Closed-Die Forging 16-7 Forging Defects 16-8 Powder Metallurgy Forging 16-9 Residual Stresses in Forgings 17 Rolling of Metals 586 17-1 Classification of Rolling Processes 17-2 Rolling Mills 17-3 Hot-Rolling 17-4 Cold-Rolling 17-5 Rolling of Bars and Shapes 17-6 Forces and Geometrical Relationships in Rolling 17-7 Simplified Analysis of Rolling Load:Rolling Variables 17-8 Problems and Defects in Rolled Products 17-9 Rolling-Mill Control 17-10 Theories of Cold-Rolling 17-11 Theories of Hot-Rolling 17-12 Torque and Power 18 Extrusion 616 18-1 Classification of Extrusion Processes 18-2 Extrusion Equipment 18-3 Hot Extrusion 18-4 Deformation,Lubrication, and Defects in Extrusion 18-5 Analysis of the Extrusion Process 8-6 Cold Extrusion and Cold-Forming 18-7 Hydrostatic Extrusion 18-8 Extrusion of Tubing 18-9 Production of Seamless Pipe and Tubing 19 Drawing of Rods,Wires,and Tubes 635 19-1 Introduction 19-2 Rod and Wiredrawing 19-3 Analysis of Wiredrawing 19-4 Tube-Drawing Processes 19-5 Analysis of Tube Drawing 19-6 Residual Stresses in Rod,Wire,and Tubes 20 Sheet-Metal Forming 651 20-1 Introduction 20-2 Forming Methods 20-3 Shearing and Blanking 20-4 Bending 20-5 Stretch Forming 20-6 Deep Drawing 20-7 Forming Limit Criteria 20-8 Defects in Formed Parts 21 Machining of Metals 679 21-1 Types of Machining Operations 21-2 Mechanics of Machining 21-3 Three-Dimensional Machining 21-4 Temperature in Metal Cutting 21-5 Cutting Fluids 21-6 Tool Materials and Tool Life 21-7 Grinding Processes 21-8 Nontraditional Machining Processes 21-9 Economics of Machining