X CONTENTS 12 Fatigue of Metals 375 12-1 Introduction 12-2 Stress Cycles 12-3 The S-N Curve 12-4 Statistical Nature of Fatigue 12-5 Effect of Mean Stress on Fatigue 12-6 Cyclic Stress-Strain Curve 12-7 Low-Cycle Fatigue 12-8 Strain-Life Equation 12-9 Structural Features of Fatigue 12-10 Fatigue Crack Propagation 12-11 Effect of Stress Concentration on Fatigue 12-12 Size Effect 12-13 Surface Effects and Fatigue 12-14 Fatigue under Combined Stresses 12-15 Cumulative Fatigue Damage and Sequence Effects 12-16 Effect of Metallurgical Variables and Fatigue 12-17 Design for Fatigue 12-18 Machine Design Approach-Infinite-Life Design 12-19 Local Strain Approach 12-20 Corrosion Fatigue 12-21 Effect of Temperature on Fatigue 13 Creep and Stress Rupture 432 13-1 The High-Temperature Materials Problem 13-2 Time- Dependent Mechanical Behavior 13-3 The Creep Curve 13-4 The Stress-Rupture Test 13-5 Structural Changes During Creep 13-6 Mechanisms of Creep Deformation 13-7 Deformation Mechanism Maps 13-8 Activation Energy for Steady-State Creep 13-9 Superplasticity 13-10 Fracture at Elevated Temperature 13-11 High-Temperature Alloys 13-12 Presentation of Engineering Creep Data 13-13 Prediction of Long-Time Properties 13-14 Creep Under Combined Stresses 13-15 Creep-Fatigue Interaction 14 Brittle Fracture and Impact Testing 471 14-1 The Brittle-Fracture Problem 14-2 Notched-Bar Impact Tests 14-3 Instrumented Charpy Test 14-4 Significance of Transition-Temperature Curve 14-5 Metallurgical Factors Affecting Transition Temperature 14-6 Drop-Weight Test and Other Large-Scale Tests 14-7 Fracture Analysis Diagram 14-8 Temper Embrittlement 14-9 Environment Sensitive Fracture 14-10 Flow and Fracture under Very Rapid Rates of Loading Part 4 Plastic Forming of Metals 15 Fundamentals of Metalworking 503 15-1 Classification of Forming Processes 15-2 Mechanics of Metalworking 15-3 Flow-Stress Determination 15-4 Temperature in Metalworking 15-5 Strain-Rate Effects 15-6 Metallurgical Structure 15-7 Friction and Lubrication 15-8 Deformation-Zone Geometry 15-9 Hydrostatic Pressure 15-10 Workability 15-11 Residual Stresses 15-12 Experimental Techniques for Metalworking Processes 15-13 Computer-Aided Manufacturing