CONTENTS IX 7 Fracture 241 7-1 Introduction 7-2 Types of Fracture in Metals 7-3 Theoretical Cohesive Strength of Metals 7-4 Griffith Theory of Brittle Fracture 7-5 Fracture of Single Crystals 7-6 Metallographic Aspects of Fracture 7-7 Fractography 7-8 Dislocation Theories of Brittle Fracture 7-9 Ductile Fracture 7-10 Notch Effects 7-11 Concept of the Fracture Curve 7-12 Fracture under Combined Stresses 7-13 Effect of High Hydrostatic Pressure on Fracture Part 3 applications to Materials Testing 8 The Tension Test 275 8-1 Engineering Stress-Strain Curve 8-2 True-Stress-True-Strain Curve 8-3 Instability in Tension 8-4 Stress Distribution at the Neck 8-5 Ductility Measurement in Tension Test 8-6 Effect of Strain Rate on Flow Properties 8-7 Effect of Temperature on Flow Properties 8-8 Influence of Testing Machine on Flow Properties 8-9 Constitutive Equations 8-10 Further Consideration of Instability 8-11 Stress Relaxation Testing 8-12 Thermally Activated Deformation 8-13 Notch Tensile Test 8-14 Tensile Properties of Steel 8-15 Anisotropy of Tensile Properties 9 The Hardness Test 325 9-1 Introduction 9-2 Brinell Hardness 9-3 Meyer Hardness 9-4 Analysis of Indentation by an Indenter 9-5 Relationship between Hardness and the Flow Curve 9-6 Vickers Hardness 9-7 Rockwell Hardness Test 9-8 Microhardness Tests 9-9 Hardness-Conversion Relationships 9-10 Hardness at Elevated Temperatures 10 The Torsion Test 338 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Mechanical Properties in Torsion 10-3 Torsional Stresses for Large Plastic Strains 10-4 Types of Torsion Failures 10-5 Torsion Test vs.Tension Test 10-6 Hot Torsion Testing 11 Fracture Mechanics 348 11-1 Introduction 11-2 Strain-Energy Release Rate 11-3 Stress Intensity Factor 11-4 Fracture Toughness and Design 11-5 KI Plane-Strain Toughness Testing 11-6 Plasticity Corrections 11-7 Crack Opening Displacement 11-8 J Integral 11-9 R Curve 11-10 Probabilistic Aspects of Fracture Mechanics 11-11 Toughness of Materials