TURNER■ STETS TABLE 1 Emotion-work strategies Behavioral strategic 1. Recite emotion vocabulary and syntax dictated by emotion ideology and norms. 2. Engage in body work such as relaxation(or its opposite)that can arouse the emotions dictated by the emotion ideology and norms ngage in surface acting by emitting expressive gestures th the emotion ideology and norms to arouse culturally appropriate emotions. 4. Use drugs(and other substances )or exercise to generate appropriate feelings or, alternatively, to diminish inappropriate feelings 5. Release true feelings, even if they violate the dictates of emotion culture, in an effort to redefine the situation and recalibrate the emotion culture 6. Seek help and advice from others on how to manage emotions. 7. Leave the situation that generates discrepancies between actual feelings and dictates of emotion ideology and norm 1. Invoke thoughts and ideas associated with the emotions demanded by the emotion ideology and norms. 4. Call up thoughts and emotions that distance self from the conflict between the cultural expectations and actual feeling 5. Repress negative emotions and remove them from conscious reflection. 2- 6. Fantasize about possible alternatives to the conflict between cultural expectations and 7. Psychologically withdraw from the situation to mask the discrepancies between actual feelings and dictates of emotion ideology and norms. Sources: Hochschild (1983). Rosenberg(1991). Thoits(1990) 2. The more that individuals engage in impression management of emotions the greater is(a) the potential for strategic use of emotional displays in games of confidence, microeconomics, and micropolitics and(b) the potential that individuals' true feelings will be at odds with at least some elements of the 3. The more that efforts of impression management violate the ideology and norms of the emotion culture, the more intense is the arousal of negative emotions in both the offender and the audience, and the more the offender must engage in repair rituals with the audience to reaffirm the emotion culture and his or her commitment to the tenets of this cultur 4. The more that a society is structurally differentiated, has high rates of mo- bility across structures, and mediates social relations by market forces, the more likely that the demands of the emotion culture will come into confict with the emotions that individuals actually experience. 5. The more that the dictates of the emotion culture and the structure of a situation conflict with persons'actual feelings, the more likely are individuals to engage in emotion-work strategies enumerated in Table 131 May 2006 17:32 AR ANRV280-SO32-02.tex XMLPublishSM(2004/02/24) P1: JRX 28 TURNER STETS TABLE 1 Emotion-work strategies Behavioral strategies 1. Recite emotion vocabulary and syntax dictated by emotion ideology and norms. 2. Engage in body work such as relaxation (or its opposite) that can arouse the emotions dictated by the emotion ideology and norms. 3. Engage in surface acting by emitting expressive gestures consistent with the emotion ideology and norms to arouse culturally appropriate emotions. 4. Use drugs (and other substances) or exercise to generate appropriate feelings or, alternatively, to diminish inappropriate feelings. 5. Release true feelings, even if they violate the dictates of emotion culture, in an effort to redefine the situation and recalibrate the emotion culture. 6. Seek help and advice from others on how to manage emotions. 7. Leave the situation that generates discrepancies between actual feelings and dictates of emotion ideology and norms. Cognitive strategies 1. Invoke thoughts and ideas associated with the emotions demanded by the emotion ideology and norms. 2. Use meditation or hypnosis that can arouse the emotions dictated by the culture. 3. Arouse through deep acting the emotions dictated by the emotion ideology and norms. 4. Call up thoughts and emotions that distance self from the conflict between the cultural expectations and actual feelings. 5. Repress negative emotions and remove them from conscious reflection. 6. Fantasize about possible alternatives to the conflict between cultural expectations and actual feelings, or, alternatively, visualize solutions to the conflict. 7. Psychologically withdraw from the situation to mask the discrepancies between actual feelings and dictates of emotion ideology and norms. Sources: Hochschild (1983), Rosenberg (1991), Thoits (1990). 2. The more that individuals engage in impression management of emotions, the greater is (a) the potential for strategic use of emotional displays in games of confidence, microeconomics, and micropolitics and (b) the potential that individuals’ true feelings will be at odds with at least some elements of the emotion culture. 3. The more that efforts of impression management violate the ideology and norms of the emotion culture, the more intense is the arousal of negative emotions in both the offender and the audience, and the more the offender must engage in repair rituals with the audience to reaffirm the emotion culture and his or her commitment to the tenets of this culture. 4. The more that a society is structurally differentiated, has high rates of mo￾bility across structures, and mediates social relations by market forces, the more likely that the demands of the emotion culture will come into conflict with the emotions that individuals actually experience. 5. The more that the dictates of the emotion culture and the structure of a situation conflict with persons’ actual feelings, the more likely are individuals to engage in emotion-work strategies enumerated in Table 1. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 2006.32:25-52. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by HARVARD UNIVERSITY on 11/14/07. For personal use only.