ftA borrowed words?Answer: (1) words taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.(2)It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary(3) The English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed f4 A Denizens ?Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, such as port from portus ①L).' Denizens’的例子都要记: Port from portus①L), cup from cuppa(L), shift from skipta (on), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier(F), pork from porc (F) HtAAy Translation-loans ?Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existingmaterial in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as long time no see from hao jian(Ch) faA Semantic-loans ?words of this category are not borrowed with reference t the form, But their meaning are borrowed, in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language, such as the word dream, which originally meant’joy’and‘ musIc’, and its modern meaning was borrowed later from the norse 第二章: The development of the English vocabulary The Indo-European Language Family It is assumed that the world has approximatel 3, 000(some put it5, 000)languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar (重点:语系划分的标准) What is the criteria to divide language families? The answer basis of similarities in their basic word stock 2. grammar (EE 5 )The Balto- Slavic comprises such modern languages as(选择题内容:) Prussian, Lithuanian Polish Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and Russian. ‘Indo- European’两大分支:1. Eastern set2. Western set eastern set: Balto- Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian Western set Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, Germanic. In the western Set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. Celtic: Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton The five Romance languages, namely Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the italic he Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and english. With vikings invasion many Scandinavian words came into the english language It is estimated that at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. old English has a vocabulary of about 50, 000 to 60, 000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern Ger什么叫 borrowed words?Answer: (1) words taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.(2) It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary (3) The English language has vast debts .In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed. 什么叫 Denizens?Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, such as port from portus (L).‘Denizens’的例子都要记：Port from portus (L), cup from cuppa (L),shift from skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier (F), pork from porc (F). 什么叫 Translation-loans ?Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existingmaterial in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as ‘ long time no see from haojiumeijian (Ch) 什么叫 Semantic-loans ?words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But their meaning are borrowed , in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language ,such as the word dream ,which originally meant ’joy’ and ‘music ’, and its modern meaning was borrowed later from the Norse. 第二章：The development of the English vocabulary The Indo-European Language Family It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000(some put it5,000)languages ,which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar . (重点：语系划分的标准)What is the criteria to divide language families ?The answer : 1. the basis of similarities in their basic word stock 2. grammar( 重 点 )The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as(选择题内容：)Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgarian ,Slovenian and Russian. ‘Indo-European’ 两大分支：1.Eastern set 2.Western set Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian Western set : Celtic, Italic , Hellenic, Germanic. In the western Set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. Celtic ： Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton The five Romance languages, namely ,Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Roumanian all belong to the Italic. The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish ,which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch ,Flemish and English.With Vikings’ invasion, many Scandinavian words came into the English language. It is estimated that at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German