XII Table of Contents integrative Systems of the Body..268 Humoral Signals: Control and Effects..274 ellular Transmission of Signals from Extracellular Messengers..276 tary System…282 Carbohydrate Metabolism and Pancreatic Hormones.. 284 Biosynthesis of Steroid Hormones..296 Adrenal Cortex and Glucocorticoid Synthesis..298 nesis and the Menstrual Cycle..300 Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle 302 Estrogens, Progesterone .. 304 Hormonal Control of Pregnancy and Birth..306 Androgens and Testicular Function Sexual Response, Intercourse and Fertilization..310 12 Central Nervous System and Senses 312 312 Cerebrospinal Fluid.. 312 tumulus Reception and Processing Proprioception, Stretch Reflex Polysynaptic Reflexes..322 aptic Inhibition…322 Central Conduction of Sensory Input..324 Hypothalamus, Limbic System . 332 Cerebral Cortex, Electroencephalogram(EEG)..334 Circadian Rhythms, Sleep-Wake Cycle. 336 Consciousness, Sleep. 338 44 Sense of smell….346 48 Optical Apparatus of the Eye..352 isual Acuity, Photosensors..35 daptation of the Eye to Different Light Intensities.. 358 Retinal Processing of visual Stimuli Color vision…362 Visual Field, Visual Pathway, Central Processing of Visual Stimuli.. 364 Physical Principles of Sound-Sound Stimulus and Perception-.36 Conduction of Sound, Sound Sensors.. 370XII 11 Hormones and Reproduction 268 Integrative Systems of the Body · · · 268 Hormones · · · 270 Humoral Signals: Control and Effects · · · 274 Cellular Transmission of Signals from Extracellular Messengers · · · 276 Hypothalamic–Pituitary System · · · 282 Carbohydrate Metabolism and Pancreatic Hormones · · · 284 Thyroid Hormones · · · 288 Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism · · · 292 Biosynthesis of Steroid Hormones · · · 296 Adrenal Cortex and Glucocorticoid Synthesis · · · 298 Oogenesis and the Menstrual Cycle · · · 300 Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle · · · 302 Estrogens, Progesterone · · · 304 Progesterone, Prolactin, Oxytocin · · · 305 Hormonal Control of Pregnancy and Birth · · · 306 Androgens and Testicular Function · · · 308 Sexual Response, Intercourse and Fertilization · · · 310 12 Central Nervous System and Senses 312 Central Nervous System · · · 312 Cerebrospinal Fluid · · · 312 Stimulus Reception and Processing · · · 314 Sensory Functions of the Skin · · · 316 Proprioception, Stretch Reflex · · · 318 Nociception and Pain · · · 320 Polysynaptic Reflexes · · · 322 Synaptic Inhibition · · · 322 Central Conduction of Sensory Input · · · 324 Movement · · · 326 Hypothalamus, Limbic System · · · 332 Cerebral Cortex, Electroencephalogram (EEG) · · · 334 Circadian Rhythms, Sleep–Wake Cycle · · · 336 Consciousness, Sleep · · · 338 Learning, Memory, Language · · · 340 Glia · · · 344 Sense of Taste · · · 344 Sense of Smell · · · 346 Sense of Balance · · · 348 Eye Structure, Tear Fluid, Aqueous Humor · · · 350 Optical Apparatus of the Eye · · · 352 Visual Acuity, Photosensors · · · 354 Adaptation of the Eye to Different Light Intensities · · · 358 Retinal Processing of Visual Stimuli · · · 360 Color Vision · · · 362 Visual Field, Visual Pathway, Central Processing of Visual Stimuli · · · 364 Eye Movements, Stereoscopic Vision, Depth Perception · · · 366 Physical Principles of Sound—Sound Stimulus and Perception · · · 368 Conduction of Sound, Sound Sensors · · · 370 Table of Contents