558 水 [33 Yamomato S, Yamomato T, Shimada S, ef al. DNA from trout, Oncarirynchs mmkiss, to Renibacterium salmoninarum J] natural killer cells and inhibits tumor growth [J]- Microbiol [48 Sakai M, Atsuta S, Kobayashi M. Eilicencies of combined mmun,1992,36:983-7 vaccine for Vibrio angullarnam and StreptococcUs sp. J. Fisheries 34]Me G S, Pisetsky D s. Stimulation of in vitro murine lymphocyte proliferation by bacterial DNA[J].J[49] Norqvist A, Hagstrom A, Wolf- Watz H. Protection of rainbow Immunol.l99l.147:1759-64 trout [35] Bird A P. CpG islands as gene markers in the vertebrate nucleus strains of Vibrio anguillarum J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 UJ]. Trends Genet, 1987, 3: 342-347. 55:1400-140 [36] Joharson B, J Crgersen, Audny Johansen, ef al. CpG [50] Siwicki A K, Anderson D P, Rumsey G L. Dietary intake of oligodeoxynucleotides and plasmid DNA stimulate Atlantic salmon immunostimulants by rainbow trout affects nonspecific immunity Salmo salar. leucocytes to produce supernatants with antiviral and protection against furunculosis [J]. Vet Immunol activity [] Dev Comp Immunol, 2001, 25: 313-321. mmunopathol, 1994, 41: 125-135 37] Ounouna M, Jaso- Friedmann L, Evans D L, et al. Activation [51] Ortuo J, Cuesta A, Rodriguez A, ef al. Oral administration of of nonspecific cytotoxic cells NCC with synthetic ast. Saccharomvces cerevisiae enhances the cellular innate oligodeoxynucleotides and bacterial genomic DNA Binding mmune response of gilthead seabream( Spans arata L)JI specificity and identification of unique immunostimulatory motifs Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 2002, 85: 41-50 J]. Dev Comp Immunol, 2002, 26: 257-269. [52 Rodriguez A, Cuesta A, Ovtuno J, ef al. Immunostimulant [38] Kannelos T S, Sylvester I D, Butler VL, ef al. Mammalian properties of a cell wall-modified whole Saccharomyces cerevisiae granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor and some CpG strain administered by diet to seabream( Spans aurata L.)J] motifs have an effect on the immunogenicity of DNA and subunit Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 2003, 96: 183-192 53 A. Esteban M [39 Kanellos T, Sylvester I D, Howard CR, et al. DNA is as administration of the fungus Mucor circinelloides on nonspecific effective as protein at inducing antibody in fish J]. Vaccine immune responses of gilthead seabream [J. Fish Shellfish Immunol,2004,l6(2):241-249 [40 Kim C H, Johnson M C, Drennan J D, et al. DNA vaccines [54 Kawahara E, Sakai M, Nomura S. Immunomodulatory effects encoding viral glycoproteins induce nonspecific immunity and Mx on whitespotted char, Sallelims leuconaenis, injected with protein synthesis in fishUJ]. J Virol, 2000, 74 (15): 7048 Achromobacter stenohais[ C]. The Asian Fisheries Forum, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, 1994, 390-393 [41 Heppell J, Heather, Davis L, et al. Application of DNA [55] Young C H, Kaneda S, Mikami Y, et al. Protection activity vaccine technology to aquaculture [J]. Adv Drug Deliv Rev induced by the bacterial vaccine. heat-killed 2000,43:29-4 butyricUm against Candida albicans infections in mice [J]. Jap J [42 Burrells C, williams P D, Forno P F. Dietary nucleotides; a ovel supplement in fish feeds I. Effects on resistance to disease in [56] Sakai M, Yoshida T, Atsuta S, et al. Enhancement of salmonids[J]. Aquac, 2001, 199: 159-169 resistance to vibriosis in rainbow trout. Oncowiynchs nmkis [43 Sakai M, Taniguchi K, Mamoto K, et al. Immunostimulant Walbaum ) by oral administration Clostridium butyricum effects of nucleotide isolated from RNA on carp, Cyprinus bacterin].J Fish Dis, 1995,18: 187-190 Kamiya H, Atsuta S, et al. Immunodulatory effects 4] Ktao T, Yoshida T. Efect of an immunopotentiator on on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, injected with the extract Aeromonas salmonicida infection in. rainbow trout Salmo of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai[J]. J Appl Ichthyol, 1991, 7 gairdner)[J]. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1986, 12: 28 [58] Siwicki A K, Miyazaki T, Komatsu I, et al. In vitro influence [45 Ktao T, Yoshida T, Anderson D P, et al. Immunostimulation of heat extract fro phagocyte and lymphocyte activities in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus by a biological response modifier[J]. J Fish Biol, 1987, 31: 87 mykiss[J]. Fish Pathol, 1996, 31: 1-7 [59] Gildberg A, Bogwald J, Jo [46] Yoshida T, Sakai M, Kitao T, et a. Immunodulatory effects peptide fractions from fish protein hydrolysate with strong the fermented products of chicken egg, EF203, on rainbow trout stimulatory effect on Atlantic salmon( Salmo salar) head kidney leucocytes[J]. Comp Biochem Physid, 1996, 114B [47] Sakai M, Yoshida T, Kobayashi M. Influence of the [60] Edahiro T, Hamoguchi M, Kusuda R. Suppressive effect of immunostimulant, EF203, on the immune resporses of rainbow glycyrrhizin against streptococcal infection promoted by feeding[ 33 ] Yamomato S , Yamomato T , Shimada S , et al. DNA from bacteria , but not from vertebrates , induces interferon , activates natural killer cells and inhibits tumor growth [ J ] . Microbiol Immunol , 1992 , 36 : 983 - 7. [34 ] Messina J P , Gilkeson G S , Pisetsky D S. Stimulation of in vitro murine lymphocyte proliferation by bacterial DNA [ J ] . J Immunol , 1991 , 147 :1759 - 64. [ 35 ] Bird A P. CpG islands as gene markers in the vertebrate nucleus [J ] . Trends Genet , 1987 ,3 :342 - 347. [ 36 ] Johanson B , J ￠rgensen , Audny Johansen , et al. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and plasmid DNA stimulate Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L . ) leucocytes to produce supernatants with antiviral activity [J ] . Dev Comp Immunol , 2001 , 25 :313 - 321. [ 37 ] Ounouna M , Jaso - Friedmann L , Evans D L , et al. Activation of nonspecific cytotoxic cells ( NCC ) with synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides and bacterial genomic DNA Binding , specificity and identification of unique immunostimulatory motifs [J ] . Dev Comp Immunol , 2002 , 26 :257 - 269. [38 ] Kannelos T S , Sylvester I D , Butler V L , et al. Mammalian granulocyte2macrophage colony2stimulating factor and some CpG motifs have an effect on the immunogenicity of DNA and subunit vaccines in fish[J ] . Immunology , 1999 , 96 :507 - 10. [39 ] Kanellos T , Sylvester I D , Howard C R , et al. DNA is as effective as protein at inducing antibody in fish [ J ] . Vaccine , 1999 , 17 : 965 - 972. [ 40 ] Kim C H , Johnson M C , Drennan J D , et al. DNA vaccines encoding viral glycoproteins induce nonspecific immunity and Mx protein synthesis in fish [J ] . J Virol , 2000 , 74 ( 15) : 7048 - 7054. [41 ] Heppell J , Heather , Davis L , et al. Application of DNA vaccine technology to aquaculture [ J ] . Adv Drug Deliv Rev , 2000 , 43 :29 - 43. [42 ] Burrells C , Williams P D , Forno P F. Dietary nucleotides : a novel supplement in fish feeds 1. Effects on resistance to disease in salmonids[J ] . Aquac , 2001 , 199 :159 - 169. [43 ] Sakai M , Taniguchi K, Mamoto K, et al. Immunostimulant effects of nucleotide isolated from yeast RNA on carp , Cyprinus carpio L . [J ] . J Fish Dis , 2001 ,24 :433 - 438. [44 ] Kitao T , Yoshida T. Effect of an immunopotentiator on Aeromonas salmonicida infection in rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri) [ J ] . Vet Immunol Immunopathol , 1986 , 12 : 287 - 291. [45 ] Kitao T , Yoshida T , Anderson D P , et al. Immunostimulation of antibody2producing cells and humoral antibody to fish bacterins by a biological response modifier [J ] . J Fish Biol , 1987 , 31 :87 - 91. [ 46 ] Yoshida T , Sakai M , Kitao T , et al. Immunodulatory effects of the fermented products of chicken egg , EF203 , on rainbow trout , Oncorhynchus mykiss[J ] . Aquac , 1993 , 109 :207 - 214. [47 ] Sakai M , Yoshida T , Kobayashi M. Influence of the immunostimulant , EF203 , on the immune responses of rainbow trout , Oncorhynchus mykiss , to Renibacterium salmoninarum [ J ] . Aquac , 1995 , 138 :61 - 67. [48 ] Sakai M , Atsuta S , Kobayashi M. Efficencies of combined vaccine for Vibrio anguillarum and Streptococcus sp . [J ] . Fisheries Sci , 1995 , 61 :359 - 360. [49 ] Norqvist A , Hagstrom A , Wolf2Watz H. Protection of rainbow trout against vibriosis and furunculosis by the use of attenuated strains of Vibrio anguillarum[J ] . Appl Environ Microbiol , 1989 , 55 :1400 - 1405. [ 50 ] Siwicki A K, Anderson D P , Rumsey G L . Dietary intake of immunostimulants by rainbow trout affects non2specific immunity and protection against furunculosis [ J ] . Vet Immunol Immunopathol , 1994 , 41 :125 - 139. [51 ] Ortuo J , Cuesta A , Rodríguez A , et al. Oral administration of yeast , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , enhances the cellular innate immune response of gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata L . ) [J ] . Vet Immunol Immunopathol , 2002 , 85 :41 - 50. [ 52 ] Rodríguez A , Cuesta A , Ovtuno J , et al. Immunostimulant properties of a cell wall2modified whole Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain administered by diet to seabream ( Sparus aurata L . ) [J ] . Vet Immunol Immunopathol , 2003 , 96 :183 - 192. [ 53 ] Rodríguez A , Cuesta A , Esteban M et al. The effect of dietary administration of the fungus Mucor circinelloides on non2specific immune responses of gilthead seabream [ J ] . Fish Shellfish Immunol , 2004 , 16 (2) :241 - 249. [54 ] Kawahara E , Sakai M , Nomura S. Immunomodulatory effects on white2spotted char , Sallelinus leucomaenis , injected with Achromobacter stenohalis[ C ] . The Asian Fisheries Forum , Asian Fisheries Society , Manila , Philippines , 1994 ,390 - 393. [55 ] Young C H , Kaneda S , Mikami Y, et al. Protection activity induced by the bacterial vaccine , heat2killed Closteridium butyricum against Candida albicans infections in mice [ J ] . Jap J Med Mycol , 1987 ,28 :262 - 269. [56 ] Sakai M , Yoshida T , Atsuta S , et al. Enhancement of resistance to vibriosis in rainbow trout , Oncorhynchus mykiss ( Walbaum ) , by oral administration Clostridium butyricum bacterin[J ] . J Fish Dis , 1995 , 18 :187 - 190. [57 ] Sakai M , Kamiya H , Atsuta S , et al. Immunodulatory effects on rainbow trout , Oncorhynchus mykiss , injected with the extract of abalone , Haliotis discus hannai[J ] . J Appl Ichthyol , 1991 , 7 : 54 - 59. [ 58 ] Siwicki A K, Miyazaki T , Komatsu I , et al. In vitro influence of heat extract from firefly squid Watasenia scintillans on the phagocyte and lymphocyte activities in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss[J ] . Fish Pathol , 1996 , 31 : 1 - 7. [59 ] Gildberg A , Bogwald J , Johansen A , et al. Isolation of acid peptide fractions from fish protein hydrolysate with strong stimulatory effect on Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) head kidney leucocytes[J ] . Comp Biochem Physiol , 1996 , 114B : 97 - 101. [60 ] Edahiro T , Hamoguchi M , Kusuda R. Suppressive effect of glycyrrhizin against streptococcal infection promoted by feeding 855 水 产 学 报 29 卷