vili Contents 5 Microfiltration .................................................141 A.S. Grandison and T J. A Finnigan 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Theory, materials and equipment 5. 2.1 Membrane configurations and characteristics ,142 5.2.2 Performance of microfiltration systems and membrane foulit 5.3 Applications in the food and biotechnology industries 5.3. 1 Food industry 5.3.2 Applications for biotechnology 5.4 Conclusions B052 5.5 References 6 lon-exchange and electrodialysis.,... 155 A. S. Grandison 6.1 Ion-exchange 6.1.1 Theory, materials and equipment 55 Solute/ion-exchanger interactions Ion-exchange groups,,,,, Ion-exchange materials Capacity 159 Blinding and fouling 159 Elution lon-exchange columns Mixed bed systems 160 Stirred tanks 6.1.2 Applications of ion-exchange in the food and biotechnology industries 160 Demineralisation 161 Decolorisation l63 Protein purification Purification of other compounds 166 6.2 Electrodialysis 6.2.1 Theory and equipment 167 6.2.2 Applications of ED in the food and biotechnology industries 69 6.3 References .173 7 Innovative separation methods in bioprocessing 179 J. A. Asenjo and J B Chaudhuri 7.1 Introduction 179 7.2. 1 Physicochemical basis for separation operations 7.2 System characteristics... 7.2.2 Kinetics and mass transfer 181 7.3 Liquid-liquid extraction: introduction 7.3. 1 Aqueous two-phase separation 18 7.3.2 Reverse micelle extractionviii Contents 5 Microfiltration , . , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 A. S. Grandison and T. J. A. Finnigan 5.1 Introduction .................................................... 141 5.2 Theory, materials and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , . . . , . . . . . 141 5.2.1 Membrane configurations and characteristics . . . . . . . . , , , , , . . . . . . . . 142 5.2.2 Performance of microfiltration systems and membrane fouling . . . . . . . 146 Applications in the food and biotechnology industries . . . . , . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 148 5.3.1 Food industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . 148 5.3.2 Applications for biotechnology . .......................... 150 152 Ion-exchange and electrodialysis.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 A. S. Grandison Ion-exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................... 155 6.1.1 Theory, materials and equipment 155 158 5.3 5.4 Conclusions ............... . . . . . . ........ ......... 151 5.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... 6 6.1 Solute/ion-exchanger interactions . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ion-exchange groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ion-exchange materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... .................... Elution ................................................. 159 160 Mixed bed systems . . . ............................... 160 Stirredtanks ............................................ 160 160 Softening ............................................... 161 Demineralisation 16 1 Decolorisation . . . . . ............................ Protein purification . . . ................................ 163 Purification of other compounds . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . Electrodialysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 166 6.2.1 Theory and equipment . . . . . . . ...................... 167 6.2.2 Applications of ED in the food an 6.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Innovative separation methods in bioprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 J. A. Asenjo and J. B. Chaudhuri 7.1 Introduction .................................................... 179 7.2 System characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . . . . . . . , . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 7.2.1 Physicochemical basis for separation operations . . . . . . , , , . . . . . . . . . , 180 7.2.2 Kinetics and mass transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1 Liquid-liquid extraction: introduction , . , , , . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 181 7.3.1 Aqueous two-phase separation . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . , 182 7.3.2 Reverse micelle extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Ion-exchange columns ......................... 6.1.2 Applications of ion-exchange in the food and biotechnology industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 7.3