7.3.3 Perfluorocarbon affinity separations 7.3.4 Liquid membrane separations 7.4 Solid-based separations 7.4.1 Adsorption systems: expanded bed adsorption 195 7.4.2 Continuous adsorption recycle extraction 7.4.3 Membrane chromatography 7.4.4 Chromatographic and adsorption material 201 7.5 Other developments 7.5.1 Electrically enhanced separations 202 7.5.2 Genetic approaches to protein purification 7.5.3 Purification of intracellular proteins 7.6 References 8 Fractionation of fat 8.1 Introductio 207 8. 1. 1 Crystallisation: nuclei formation and crystal growth 209 1. 2 Polymorphis 210 8.1.3 Quality of edible oils 210 8.2 Dry fractionation 211 8.2.1 Flat-bed vacuum band filter 213 Florentine co s filter Vacuband bat 214 8.2.2 Rotary drum filters 215 8.2.3 Membrane filters High pressure Hydrofilter press 225 8.3 Detergent fractionation 8.3. 1 The Lipofrac process 232 8.3.2 Crystallisation 232 8.4 Solvent fractionate 8.5 References 238 9 Solids separation processes 9.1 Introduction 243 9.2 Physical properties of solids I of powde 246 9.2.2 Particle size and particle size distribution 247 9.2 4 Forces of adhesion 2.5 Bulk properties 9.2. 6 Bulk density and porosity 9.2.7 FlowabilityContents ix 7.3.3 Perfluorocarbon affinity separations .............. ........... 7.4.1 Adsorption system 7.4.2 Continuous adsorption recycle extraction. ........ 7.4.3 Membrane chromatography ............................. 7.4.4 Chromatographic and adsorption materials ........ 201 7.5 Other developments ......... .......... 7.5.1 Electrically enhanced separations ... .................. 202 ................. 7.6 References ............ ............. 204 8 Fractionation of fat .................. , .......................... 207 K. K. Rajah 8.1 Introduction .................... ................ .......... ........... 210 8.2 Dry fractionation ................ ................ 211 8.2.1 Flat-bed vac .................... Vacuband batch filter. .................... 8.2.2 Rotary drum filters ................. .............. 215 8.2.3 Membrane filters ...... ............... Low pressure ............. ................... ........ 224 .................... 8.3 Detergent fractionation ................ ................ 232 8.4 Solvent fractionation ...... ............. 8.5 References .................... ................ 238 9 Solids separation processes ....................................... 243 9.2 Physical properties of solids. ............ ................ 244 9.2.2 Particle size and particle size distribution ................... 247 9.2.3 Particle density ..................... 9.2.4 Forces of adh ...................... 252 9.2.5 Bulk properties ........... 9.2.6 Bulk density and porosity ............. 9.2.7 Flowability ..... ..................... M. J. Lewis 9.1 Introduction ..... .............. 9.2.1 Classification of powders