INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING-MODEL CHAPTER FOR TEXTBOOKS the young child's energy and nutrient needs.How- 12.WHO/UNICEF/USAID.Indicators for assessing ever,complementary feeding is often fraught with infant and young child feeding practices.Geneva, problems,with foods being too dilute,not fed often World Health Organization,2008. enough or in too small amounts,or replacing breast milk while being of an inferior quality.Both food and 13.PAHO/WHO.Guiding principles for complemen- tary feeding of the breastfed child.Washington feeding practices influence the quality of complemen- DC,Pan American Health Organization/World tary feeding,and mothers and families need support to practise good complementary feeding(13). Health Organization,2002 14.WHO Global Data Bank on Infant and Young References Child Feeding,2009. 1.World Health Organization.The global burden 15.UNICEF.Progress for children:a world fit for chil- of disease:2004 update.Geneva,World Health dren.Statistical Review Number 6.New York, Organization,2008. UNICEF,2007. 2.Black RE et al.Maternal and child undernutri- 16.Leon-Cava N et al.Quantifying the benefits of breast- tion:global and regional exposures and health feeding:a summary of the evidence.Washington consequences.Lancet,2008,371:243-60. DC,Pan American Health Organization,2002. 3.Martorell R,Kettel Khan L,Schroeder DG. 17.Fewtrell MS.The long-termbenefits ofhavingbeen Reversibility of stunting:epidemiological find- breastfed.Current Paediatrics,2004,14:97-103. ings in children from developing countries. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition,1994,58 18.WHO.Evidence on the long-term effects of breast- (Suppl.1):S45-S57. feeding:systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Geneva,World Health Organization,2007. 4.Pollitt E et al.Nutrition in early life and the ful- 19.WHO Collaborative Study Team on the Role of filment of intellectual potential.The Journal of Breastfeeding on the Prevention of Infant Mor- Nutrition,1995,125:1111S-1118S tality.Effect of breastfeeding on infant and child- 5.Grantham-McGregor SM,Cumper G.Jamai- hood mortality due to infectious diseases in less can studies in nutrition and child development, developed countries:a pooled analysis.Lancet, and their implications for national development. 2000,355:451-455 The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,1992,51: 20.Bahl R et al.Infant feeding patterns and risks of 71-79. death and hospitalization in the first half of infan- 6.Haas JD et al.Early nutrition and later physical cy:multicentre cohort study.Bulletin of the World work capacity.Nutrition reviews,1996,54(2,Pt2): Health Organization,2005,83:418-426. S41-48. 21.De Zoysa I,Rea M,Martines J.Why promote 7.Martin RM et al.Parents'growth in childhood breast feeding in diarrhoeal disease control pro- and the birth weight of their offspring.Epidemiol- grammes?Health Policy and Planning,1991, 0gy2004,15:308-316. 6:371-379. 8.World Bank.Repositioning nutrition as central 22.Bachrach VR,Schwarz E,Bachrach LR.Breast- to development:a strategy for large scale action. feeding and the risk of hospitalization for respira- Washington DC,The World Bank,2006. tory diseases in infancy:a meta-analysis.Archives 9.Jones G et al.How many child deaths can we pre- of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine,2003, 157:237-243. vent this year?Lancet,2003,362:65-71. 10.WHO/UNICEF.Global strategy for infant and 23.Kramer MS et al.Promotion of Breastfeeding young child feeding.Geneva,World Health Organ- Intervention Trial(PROBIT):a randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus.Journal of the American ization,2003 Medical Association,2001,285:413-420. 11.Kramer MS,Kakuma R.The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding:a systematic review.Gene- 24.Howie PW et al.Protective effect of breastfeeding va,World Health Organization,2001 (WHO/ against infection.British Medical Journal,1990, NHD/01.08;WHO/FCH/01.23). 300:11-16.6 Infant and Young Child Feeding – Model Chapter for textbooks the young child’s energy and nutrient needs. How￾ever, complementary feeding is often fraught with problems, with foods being too dilute, not fed often enough or in too small amounts, or replacing breast milk while being of an inferior quality. Both food and feeding practices influence the quality of complemen￾tary feeding, and mothers and families need support to practise good complementary feeding (13). References 1. World Health Organization. The global burden of disease: 2004 update. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008. 2. Black RE et al. Maternal and child undernutri￾tion: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet, 2008, 371:243–60. 3. Martorell R, Kettel Khan L, Schroeder DG. Reversibility of stunting: epidemiological find￾ings in children from developing countries. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1994, 58 (Suppl.1):S45–S57. 4. Pollitt E et al. Nutrition in early life and the ful￾filment of intellectual potential. The Journal of Nutrition, 1995, 125:1111S–1118S. 5. Grantham-McGregor SM, Cumper G. Jamai￾can studies in nutrition and child development, and their implications for national development. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 1992, 51: 71–79. 6. Haas JD et al. Early nutrition and later physical work capacity. Nutrition reviews, 1996, 54(2,Pt2): S41–48. 7. Martin RM et al. Parents’ growth in childhood and the birth weight of their offspring. Epidemiol￾ogy, 2004, 15:308–316. 8. World Bank. Repositioning nutrition as central to development: a strategy for large scale action. Washington DC, The World Bank, 2006. 9. Jones G et al. How many child deaths can we pre￾vent this year? Lancet, 2003, 362:65–71. 10. WHO/UNICEF. Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. Geneva, World Health Organ￾ization, 2003. 11. Kramer MS, Kakuma R. The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: a systematic review. Gene￾va, World Health Organization, 2001 (WHO/ NHD/01.08; WHO/FCH/01.23). 12. WHO/UNICEF/USAID. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008. 13. PAHO/WHO. Guiding principles for complemen￾tary feeding of the breastfed child. Washington DC, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, 2002. 14. WHO Global Data Bank on Infant and Young Child Feeding, 2009. 15. UNICEF. Progress for children: a world fit for chil￾dren. Statistical Review Number 6. New York, UNICEF, 2007. 16. Leon-Cava N et al. Quantifying the benefits of breast￾feeding: a summary of the evidence. Washington DC, Pan American Health Organization, 2002. 17. Fewtrell MS. The long-term benefits of having been breastfed. Current Paediatrics, 2004, 14:97–103. 18. WHO. Evidence on the long-term effects of breast￾feeding: systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007. 19. WHO Collaborative Study Team on the Role of Breastfeeding on the Prevention of Infant Mor￾tality. Effect of breastfeeding on infant and child￾hood mortality due to infectious diseases in less developed countries: a pooled analysis. Lancet, 2000, 355:451–455. 20. Bahl R et al. Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infan￾cy: multicentre cohort study. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2005, 83:418–426. 21. De Zoysa I, Rea M, Martines J. Why promote breast feeding in diarrhoeal disease control pro￾grammes? Health Policy and Planning, 1991, 6:371–379. 22. Bachrach VR, Schwarz E, Bachrach LR. Breast￾feeding and the risk of hospitalization for respira￾tory diseases in infancy: a meta-analysis. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 2003, 157:237–243. 23. Kramer MS et al. Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT): a randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2001, 285:413–420. 24. Howie PW et al. Protective effect of breastfeeding against infection. British Medical Journal, 1990, 300:11–16