Modern Analytical Chemistry 2B.5 Peak Capacity 554 120 Suggested Readings 620 2B.6 Nonideal Behavior 555 12P References 620 12C Optimizing Chromatographic Separations 556 12C.1 Using the Capacity Factor to Optimize Chapter 13 Resol 12C.2 Using Column Selectivity to Optimize Kinetic Methods of Analysis 622 Resolution 558 13A Methods based on chemical kinetics 623 2C.3 Using Column Efficiency to Optimize 13A.1 Theory and Practice 624 Resolution 559 13A.2 Instrumentation 634 12D Gas Chromatography 563 13A.3 Quantitative Applications 636 2D.1 Mobile phase 563 13A.4 Characterization Applications 638 12D.2 Chromatographic Columns 564 13A.5 Evaluation of Chemical Kinetic 2D.3 Stationary Phases 565 Methods 639 12D.4 Sample Introduction 567 13B Radiochemical Methods of Analysis 642 3B. 1 Theory and Practice 643 12D.6 Detectors for Gas Chromatography 569 3B. 2 Instrumentation 64 12D.7 Quantitative Applications 571 13B.3 Quantitative Applications 644 2D.8 Qualitative Applications 575 13B.4 Characterization Applications 647 12D.9 Representative Method 576 648 2D.10 Evaluatic 13C Flow Injection Analysis 649 2E High-Performance Liquid 13C. 1 Theory and Practice 649 cromatography 578 13C.2 Instrumentation 651 12E. 1 HPLC Columns 578 13C.3 Quantitative Applications 655 12E.2 Stationary Ph 579 13C.4 Evaluation 658 12E. 3 Mobile Phases 580 13D Key Terms 658 2E. 4 HPLC Plumbing 583 13E 659 12E.5 Sample Introduction 584 13F Suggested Experiments 659 12E. 6 Detectors for HPlc 584 13G Problems 661 2E.7 Quantitative Applications 58( 13H Suggested Readings 664 12E.8 Representative Method 588 13I References 665 12E. 9 Evaluation 589 12F Liquid-Solid Adsorption Chromatography 590 Chapter I 4 12G Ion-Exchange Chromatography 590 H Size-Exclusion Chromatography 593 Developing a Standard Method 666 121 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 596 14A Optimizing the Experimental Procedure 667 12] Electrophoresis 597 14A.1R 12].1 Theory of Capillary Electrophoresis 598 14A.2 Searching Algorithms for Response 2J.2 Instrumentation 601 Surfaces 668 J3 Capillary Electrophoresis Methods 604 14A. 3 Mathematical Models of Response 12J.4 Representative Method 607 2J.5 Evaluation 609 14B Verifying the Method 683 12K Key Terms 609 14B. 1 Single-Operator Characteristics 683 12L Summary 610 14B. 2 Blind Analysis of Standard Samples 683 I2M Suggested Experiments 610 14B.3R 12n Problems 615 14B. 4 Equivalency Testing 68712B.5 Peak Capacity 554 12B.6 Nonideal Behavior 555 12C Optimizing Chromatographic Separations 556 12C.1 Using the Capacity Factor to Optimize Resolution 556 12C.2 Using Column Selectivity to Optimize Resolution 558 12C.3 Using Column Efficiency to Optimize Resolution 559 12D Gas Chromatography 563 12D.1 Mobile Phase 563 12D.2 Chromatographic Columns 564 12D.3 Stationary Phases 565 12D.4 Sample Introduction 567 12D.5 Temperature Control 568 12D.6 Detectors for Gas Chromatography 569 12D.7 Quantitative Applications 571 12D.8 Qualitative Applications 575 12D.9 Representative Method 576 12D.10 Evaluation 577 12E High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 578 12E.1 HPLC Columns 578 12E.2 Stationary Phases 579 12E.3 Mobile Phases 580 12E.4 HPLC Plumbing 583 12E.5 Sample Introduction 584 12E.6 Detectors for HPLC 584 12E.7 Quantitative Applications 586 12E.8 Representative Method 588 12E.9 Evaluation 589 12F Liquid–Solid Adsorption Chromatography 590 12G Ion-Exchange Chromatography 590 12H Size-Exclusion Chromatography 593 12I Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 596 12J Electrophoresis 597 12J.1 Theory of Capillary Electrophoresis 598 12J.2 Instrumentation 601 12J.3 Capillary Electrophoresis Methods 604 12J.4 Representative Method 607 12J.5 Evaluation 609 12K Key Terms 609 12L Summary 610 12M Suggested Experiments 610 12N Problems 615 viii Modern Analytical Chemistry 12O Suggested Readings 620 12P References 620 Chapter 13 Kinetic Methods of Analysis 622 13A Methods Based on Chemical Kinetics 623 13A.1 Theory and Practice 624 13A.2 Instrumentation 634 13A.3 Quantitative Applications 636 13A.4 Characterization Applications 638 13A.5 Evaluation of Chemical Kinetic Methods 639 13B Radiochemical Methods of Analysis 642 13B.1 Theory and Practice 643 13B.2 Instrumentation 643 13B.3 Quantitative Applications 644 13B.4 Characterization Applications 647 13B.5 Evaluation 648 13C Flow Injection Analysis 649 13C.1 Theory and Practice 649 13C.2 Instrumentation 651 13C.3 Quantitative Applications 655 13C.4 Evaluation 658 13D Key Terms 658 13E Summary 659 13F Suggested Experiments 659 13G Problems 661 13H Suggested Readings 664 13I References 665 Chapter 14 Developing a Standard Method 666 14A Optimizing the Experimental Procedure 667 14A.1 Response Surfaces 667 14A.2 Searching Algorithms for Response Surfaces 668 14A.3 Mathematical Models of Response Surfaces 674 14B Verifying the Method 683 14B.1 Single-Operator Characteristics 683 14B.2 Blind Analysis of Standard Samples 683 14B.3 Ruggedness Testing 684 14B.4 Equivalency Testing 687 1400-Fm 9/9/99 7:38 AM Page viii