10C.4 Beer's Law and Multicomponent 11B Potentiometric Methods of Analysis 465 Samples 386 11B.1 Potentiometric measurements 466 10C.5 Limitations to Beers Law 386 11B.2 Reference Electrodes 471 IOD Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared 11B. 3 Metallic Indicator Electrodes 473 Spectrophotometry 388 11B.4 Membrane electrodes 475 10D.1 Instrumentation 388 11B.5 Quantitative Applications 485 10D.2 Quantitative Applications 394 10D. 3 Qualitative Applications 402 11B.6 Evaluation 494 lIc Coulometric Methods of Analys 10D.4 Characterization Applications 403 11C.1 Controlled-Potential Coulometry 49 10D.5 Evaluation 409 11C.2 Controlled-Current Coulometry 499 10E Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 412 11C.3 Quantitative Applications 501 10E 1 Instrumentation 412 1IC. 4 Characterization Applications 506 0E. 2 Quantitative Applications 415 11C.5 Evaluation 507 Evaluation 422 lld Voltammetric Methods of Analysis 508 10F Spectroscopy Based on Emission 423 llD.1 Voltammetric Measurements 509 10G Molecular photoluminescent llD. 2 Current in Voltammetry 510 Spectroscopy 423 11D.3 Shape of Voltammograms 513 OG.1 Molecular fluorescence and rescence Spectra 424 11D. 4 Quantitative and Qualitative Aspect of Voltammetry 514 10G. 2 Instrumentation 427 11D.5 Voltammetric Techniques 515 10G.3 Quantitative Applications Using Molecular 11D.6 Quantitative Applications 520 10G. 4 Evaluation 432 11D.7 Characterization Applications 52 11D. 8 Evaluation 531 10H Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 434 10H. 1 Atomic Emission Spectra 434 lie Key Terms 532 0H.2 Equipment 435 IF Summary 532 0H.3 Quantitative Applications 437 lIG Suggested Experiments 533 1OH.4 Evaluatic IIH Problems 535 101 Spectroscopy Based on Scattering 441 llI Suggested Readings 540 101.1 Origin of Scattering 441 11 References 541 101.2 Turbidimetry and Nephelometry 441 Chapter 12 10) Key Terms 446 Chromatographic and Electrophoretic 10L Suggested Experiments 447 Methods 543 10M Problems 450 12A Overview of Analytical Separations 544 10n Suggested Readings 458 12A.1 The Problem with Simple ferences 459 Separations 544 12A. 2 A Better Way to Separate Mixtures 544 Chapter ll Electrochemical Methods of Analysis 461 12B General Theory of Column Chromatography 547 lla Classification of electrochemical methods 462 12B. 1 Chromatographic Resolution 549 11A.1 Interfacial Electrochemical Methods 462 12B.2 Capacity Factor 550 11A.2 Controlling and Measuring Current and 2B.3 Column Selectivity Potential 462 2B. 4 Column efficienContents vii 11B Potentiometric Methods of Analysis 465 11B.1 Potentiometric Measurements 466 11B.2 Reference Electrodes 471 11B.3 Metallic Indicator Electrodes 473 11B.4 Membrane Electrodes 475 11B.5 Quantitative Applications 485 11B.6 Evaluation 494 11C Coulometric Methods of Analysis 496 11C.1 Controlled-Potential Coulometry 497 11C.2 Controlled-Current Coulometry 499 11C.3 Quantitative Applications 501 11C.4 Characterization Applications 506 11C.5 Evaluation 507 11D Voltammetric Methods of Analysis 508 11D.1 Voltammetric Measurements 509 11D.2 Current in Voltammetry 510 11D.3 Shape of Voltammograms 513 11D.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects of Voltammetry 514 11D.5 Voltammetric Techniques 515 11D.6 Quantitative Applications 520 11D.7 Characterization Applications 527 11D.8 Evaluation 531 11E Key Terms 532 11F Summary 532 11G Suggested Experiments 533 11H Problems 535 11I Suggested Readings 540 11J References 541 Chapter 12 Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods 543 12A Overview of Analytical Separations 544 12A.1 The Problem with Simple Separations 544 12A.2 A Better Way to Separate Mixtures 544 12A.3 Classifying Analytical Separations 546 12B General Theory of Column Chromatography 547 12B.1 Chromatographic Resolution 549 12B.2 Capacity Factor 550 12B.3 Column Selectivity 552 12B.4 Column Efficiency 552 10C.4 Beer’s Law and Multicomponent Samples 386 10C.5 Limitations to Beer’s Law 386 10D Ultraviolet-Visible and Infrared Spectrophotometry 388 10D.1 Instrumentation 388 10D.2 Quantitative Applications 394 10D.3 Qualitative Applications 402 10D.4 Characterization Applications 403 10D.5 Evaluation 409 10E Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 412 10E.1 Instrumentation 412 10E.2 Quantitative Applications 415 10E.3 Evaluation 422 10F Spectroscopy Based on Emission 423 10G Molecular Photoluminescence Spectroscopy 423 10G.1 Molecular Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Spectra 424 10G.2 Instrumentation 427 10G.3 Quantitative Applications Using Molecular Luminescence 429 10G.4 Evaluation 432 10H Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 434 10H.1 Atomic Emission Spectra 434 10H.2 Equipment 435 10H.3 Quantitative Applications 437 10H.4 Evaluation 440 10I Spectroscopy Based on Scattering 441 10I.1 Origin of Scattering 441 10I.2 Turbidimetry and Nephelometry 441 10J Key Terms 446 10K Summary 446 10L Suggested Experiments 447 10M Problems 450 10N Suggested Readings 458 10O References 459 Chapter 11 Electrochemical Methods of Analysis 461 11A Classification of Electrochemical Methods 462 11A.1 Interfacial Electrochemical Methods 462 11A.2 Controlling and Measuring Current and Potential 462 1400-Fm 9/9/99 7:38 AM Page vii