CHAPTER I Introduction 1.GEOLOGY Definition.-Geology is the science of the earth in all its aspects,except those which deal with the relationship of the earth to other planets and to thesun ofour solar system.That aspect of the earth properly belongs to the science of Astronomy,for our earth is one of the heavenly bodies with which that science is concerned.It is true that this phase of the subject is often treated by the geologist under the name of astronomicalgeology,but in this place we shall consider it as belonging primarily to the field of astronomy.At the same time we shall recognize the importance to the student of at least a general understanding of these astronomical relations of the earth,and consider such an understanding a desirable pre- liminary preparation And thus we may consider that the study of the physical universe,.e.,the cosmos,which may be called the science of cosmology,has only the two primary divisions,astronomy and geology.This may be summarized as follows: 1.Astronomy.--The science of all the heavenly bodies including the earth COSMOLOGY their character,distribution,interrelations,movements,etc.,and the laws The science of which govern them. the universe 2.Geology.-The science which deals with the material structure,history etc.,of one of those bodies,i.e.,the earth. Such a view of the science of geology gives it an extremely comprehensive scope,and we must recognize that in ordinary parlance the term is used in a much more restricted sense. Nevertheless it is desirable to take this comprehensive view at the outset,and to note the several subdivisions into which such a broad science naturally falls,and with all of which the student of any one division should have at least a general acquaintance.We shall best get the proper view-point by first considering the earth in its entirety. 2.Engineering Engineering is the practical application of science and math to solve problems,and it is everywhere in the world around you.From the start to the end of each day.engineering technologies improve the ways that we communicate,work.travel,stay healthy,and entertain ourselves. Engineers are problem-solvers who want to make things work more efficiently and quickly and less expensively.From computer chips and satellites to medical devices and renewable energy technologies,engineering makes our modern life possible.In particular,electrical engineers 2 2 CHAPTER I Introduction 1. GEOLOGY Definition. -- Geology is the science of the earth in all its aspects, except those which deal with the relationship of the earth to other planets and to the sun of our solar system. That aspect of the earth properly belongs to the science of Astronomy, for our earth is one of the heavenly bodies with which that science is concerned. It is true that this phase of the subject is often treated by the geologist under the name of astronomical geology, but in this place we shall consider it as belonging primarily to the field of astronomy. At the same time we shall recognize the importance to the student of at least a general understanding of these astronomical relations of the earth, and consider such an understanding a desirable pre￾liminary preparation. And thus we may consider that the study of the physical universe, i.e., the cosmos, which may be called the science of cosmology, has only the two primary divisions, astronomy and geology. This may be summarized as follows: COSMOLOGY The science of the universe 1. Astronomy. -- The science of all the heavenly bodies including the earth, their character, distribution, interrelations, movements, etc., and the laws which govern them. 2. Geology. -- The science which deals with the material structure, history, etc., of one of those bodies, i.e., the earth. Such a view of the science of geology gives it an extremely comprehensive scope, and we must recognize that in ordinary parlance the term is used in a much more restricted sense. Nevertheless it is desirable to take this comprehensive view at the outset, and to note the several subdivisions into which such a broad science naturally falls, and with all of which the student of any one division should have at least a general acquaintance. We shall best get the proper view-point by first considering the earth in its entirety. 2. Engineering Engineering is the practical application of science and math to solve problems, and it is everywhere in the world around you. From the start to the end of each day, engineering technologies improve the ways that we communicate, work, travel, stay healthy, and entertain ourselves. Engineers are problem-solvers who want to make things work more efficiently and quickly and less expensively. From computer chips and satellites to medical devices and renewable energy technologies, engineering makes our modern life possible. In particular, electrical engineers