同济大学：《地质工程导论》课程教学资源（教案讲义）An Outline of Engineering Geology（An Outline of Geological Engineering）.pdf_大学文库

CHAPTER I Introduction 1.GEOLOGY Definition.-Geology is the science of the earth in all its aspects,except those which deal with the relationship of the earth to other planets and to thesun ofour solar system.That aspect of the earth properly belongs to the science of Astronomy,for our earth is one of the heavenly bodies with which that science is concerned.It is true that this phase of the subject is often treated by the geologist under the name of astronomicalgeology,but in this place we shall consider it as belonging primarily to the field of astronomy.At the same time we shall recognize the importance to the student of at least a general understanding of these astronomical relations of the earth,and consider such an understanding a desirable pre- liminary preparation And thus we may consider that the study of the physical universe,.e.,the cosmos,which may be called the science of cosmology,has only the two primary divisions,astronomy and geology.This may be summarized as follows: 1.Astronomy.--The science of all the heavenly bodies including the earth COSMOLOGY their character,distribution,interrelations,movements,etc.,and the laws The science of which govern them. the universe 2.Geology.-The science which deals with the material structure,history etc.,of one of those bodies,i.e.,the earth. Such a view of the science of geology gives it an extremely comprehensive scope,and we must recognize that in ordinary parlance the term is used in a much more restricted sense. Nevertheless it is desirable to take this comprehensive view at the outset,and to note the several subdivisions into which such a broad science naturally falls,and with all of which the student of any one division should have at least a general acquaintance.We shall best get the proper view-point by first considering the earth in its entirety. 2.Engineering Engineering is the practical application of science and math to solve problems,and it is everywhere in the world around you.From the start to the end of each day.engineering technologies improve the ways that we communicate,work.travel,stay healthy,and entertain ourselves. Engineers are problem-solvers who want to make things work more efficiently and quickly and less expensively.From computer chips and satellites to medical devices and renewable energy technologies,engineering makes our modern life possible.In particular,electrical engineers 2

2 CHAPTER I Introduction 1. GEOLOGY Definition. -- Geology is the science of the earth in all its aspects, except those which deal with the relationship of the earth to other planets and to the sun of our solar system. That aspect of the earth properly belongs to the science of Astronomy, for our earth is one of the heavenly bodies with which that science is concerned. It is true that this phase of the subject is often treated by the geologist under the name of astronomical geology, but in this place we shall consider it as belonging primarily to the field of astronomy. At the same time we shall recognize the importance to the student of at least a general understanding of these astronomical relations of the earth, and consider such an understanding a desirable preliminary preparation. And thus we may consider that the study of the physical universe, i.e., the cosmos, which may be called the science of cosmology, has only the two primary divisions, astronomy and geology. This may be summarized as follows: COSMOLOGY The science of the universe 1. Astronomy. -- The science of all the heavenly bodies including the earth, their character, distribution, interrelations, movements, etc., and the laws which govern them. 2. Geology. -- The science which deals with the material structure, history, etc., of one of those bodies, i.e., the earth. Such a view of the science of geology gives it an extremely comprehensive scope, and we must recognize that in ordinary parlance the term is used in a much more restricted sense. Nevertheless it is desirable to take this comprehensive view at the outset, and to note the several subdivisions into which such a broad science naturally falls, and with all of which the student of any one division should have at least a general acquaintance. We shall best get the proper view-point by first considering the earth in its entirety. 2. Engineering Engineering is the practical application of science and math to solve problems, and it is everywhere in the world around you. From the start to the end of each day, engineering technologies improve the ways that we communicate, work, travel, stay healthy, and entertain ourselves. Engineers are problem-solvers who want to make things work more efficiently and quickly and less expensively. From computer chips and satellites to medical devices and renewable energy technologies, engineering makes our modern life possible. In particular, electrical engineers

and computer engineers have a wide range of study options and career paths that let them design,build,and manage those ideas into reality. 3.Geological engineering Definition:it is an interdisciplinary field,in which principles of geo-science are used to solve engineering and environmental problems.It connects geology,civil engineering and other fields (g.mining.geography.forestry)to provide a versatile set of skills applicable to a wide range of contemporary problems.The UBC program is an accredited engineering program.so our graduates hold full responsibilities as registered engineering professionals.The qualifications of a geological engineer are similar to those of a civil engineer with geotechnical or environmental specialization.However,our graduates have the advantage of better understanding of geological processes. Geological Engineering is the application of the earth sciences to human problems that relate to Earth and earth systems.It is a broad,interdisciplinary field with many specialty areas such as:Geotechnical site investigation for a variety of projects,rock and soil slope stability,Environmental site characterization and planning,Hydrogeology,groundwater studies and engineering.natural and manmade hazard investigations.exploration and development of fossil fuel and mineral deposits. A Bachelor of Science in Geological Engineering-will provide students with a broad background in science and engineering.A thorough foundation in geology and sufficient depth and breadth in the areas of humanities,social science and economics,ensure that they can function and communicate in an effective and responsible way in meeting the needs of society.Students will receive a thorough background in applied geophysics. which will support advanced engineering courses.To maximize the benefits to society. students will receive a balanced curriculum of junior and senior level engineering courses in energy resources,mineral resources,groundwater engineering and geomechanics. What do geological engineers do? They carry out site investigations for dams,plants,roads,railways.housing projects. mines and quarries,pipelines,petroleum production,forestry operations and a variety of other things.They interact with civil engineers to design essential parts of projects.They are responsible for environmental assessments,or clean-up activities where pollution has occurred.They prospect for minerals,building material resources and drinking water They carry out hazard and risk assessments and mapping for landslides and earthquakes No wonder that,with this wide variety of applications,our graduates are rarely out of work

3 and computer engineers have a wide range of study options and career paths that let them design, build, and manage those ideas into reality. 3. Geological engineering Definition: it is an interdisciplinary field, in which principles of geo-science are used to solve engineering and environmental problems. It connects geology, civil engineering and other fields (e.g. mining, geography, forestry) to provide a versatile set of skills applicable to a wide range of contemporary problems. The UBC program is an accredited engineering program, so our graduates hold full responsibilities as registered engineering professionals. The qualifications of a geological engineer are similar to those of a civil engineer with geotechnical or environmental specialization. However, our graduates have the advantage of better understanding of geological processes. Geological Engineering is the application of the earth sciences to human problems that relate to Earth and earth systems. It is a broad, interdisciplinary field with many specialty areas such as: Geotechnical site investigation for a variety of projects, rock and soil slope stability, Environmental site characterization and planning, Hydrogeology, groundwater studies and engineering, natural and manmade hazard investigations, exploration and development of fossil fuel and mineral deposits. A Bachelor of Science in Geological Engineering - will provide students with a broad background in science and engineering. A thorough foundation in geology and sufficient depth and breadth in the areas of humanities, social science and economics, ensure that they can function and communicate in an effective and responsible way in meeting the needs of society. Students will receive a thorough background in applied geophysics, which will support advanced engineering courses. To maximize the benefits to society, students will receive a balanced curriculum of junior and senior level engineering courses in energy resources, mineral resources, groundwater engineering and geomechanics. What do geological engineers do? They carry out site investigations for dams, plants, roads, railways, housing projects, mines and quarries, pipelines, petroleum production, forestry operations and a variety of other things. They interact with civil engineers to design essential parts of projects. They are responsible for environmental assessments, or clean-up activities where pollution has occurred. They prospect for minerals, building material resources and drinking water. They carry out hazard and risk assessments and mapping for landslides and earthquakes. No wonder that, with this wide variety of applications, our graduates are rarely out of work

There is a continuous transition between geology and engineering science and that most of us,as applied earth scientists,operate in this transition.There are several related professional disciplines: Engineering Geology is the application of geology to obtain information and understanding of geological structures.materials and processes.as needed for engineering analysis and design. Geological Engineering is the application of a combination of geology and engineering science to design,involving rock,soil groundwater and mineral resources Geotechnical Engineering is the application of the science of soil mechanics,rock mechanics.engineering geology and other related disciplines to engineering and environmental projects Geo-environmental engineering is the application of a combination of geology and engineering science to the solution of environmental problems. Environmental geology is the application of geology to obtain information and understanding of geological structures.materials and processes.as needed for the solution of environmental problems. The above definitions have been paraphrased and simplified by Dr.Oldrich Hungr from a number of existing published definitions and from definitions provided by respondents of a survey.The word "design"is understood as the function of making specific and quantitative plans for construction,corrective actions or policy Design may be concemed with civil or mining projects,as well as environmental protection and hazards management. 4.Jobs in Geological Engineering The field of geological has a wide scope and is relevant almost to all parts of the economy.Most of our graduates work for consulting engineering or environmental firms as specialists.Many are also employed by government agencies such as Ministries of Highways.Environment and Forests and large corporations such as BC Hydro Construction Geological engineering services are in great demand by Canada's construction industry. These geological engineers make sure that the rock and soil foundations for our highrises. bridges and tunnels are secure and stable.Their foundation designs must be able to withstand earthquakes which are likely in cities such as Vancouver and Montreal. Landslides in the mountains and permafrost and muskeg in our northern regions are some of the other problems faced by geological engineers.Often they interact with civil engineers in solving these geotechnical problems 4

4 There is a continuous transition between geology and engineering science and that most of us, as applied earth scientists, operate in this transition. There are several related professional disciplines: Engineering Geology is the application of geology to obtain information and understanding of geological structures, materials and processes, as needed for engineering analysis and design. Geological Engineering is the application of a combination of geology and engineering science to design, involving rock, soil, groundwater and mineral resources. Geotechnical Engineering is the application of the science of soil mechanics, rock mechanics, engineering geology and other related disciplines to engineering and environmental projects. Geo-environmental engineering is the application of a combination of geology and engineering science to the solution of environmental problems. Environmental geology is the application of geology to obtain information and understanding of geological structures, materials and processes, as needed for the solution of environmental problems. The above definitions have been paraphrased and simplified by Dr. Oldrich Hungr from a number of existing published definitions and from definitions provided by respondents of a survey. The word "design" is understood as the function of making specific and quantitative plans for construction, corrective actions or policy Design may be concerned with civil or mining projects, as well as environmental protection and hazards management. 4. Jobs in Geological Engineering The field of geological engineering has a wide scope and is relevant almost to all parts of the economy. Most of our graduates work for consulting engineering or environmental firms as specialists. Many are also employed by government agencies such as Ministries of Highways, Environment and Forests and large corporations such as BC Hydro. Construction Geological engineering services are in great demand by Canada's construction industry. These geological engineers make sure that the rock and soil foundations for our highrises, bridges and tunnels are secure and stable. Their foundation designs must be able to withstand earthquakes which are likely in cities such as Vancouver and Montreal. Landslides in the mountains and permafrost and muskeg in our northern regions are some of the other problems faced by geological engineers. Often they interact with civil engineers in solving these geotechnical problems

Environmental Protection Protection of the environment is one of the greatest challenges facing modem society.As new types of pollution are detected,engineers must develop new solutions to cure the problems.Geological engineers have a crucial role because of their knowledge of how the earth reacts to various engineering processes.With increasing value of land.demand for innovative solutions such as the use of underground space will grow steadily.Highly talented engineers are needed to design and construct excavations and tunnels and to safely dispose of garbage,sewage,and toxic chemicals. Building and maintenance of roads,railways,airports,transmission lines and pipelines in the challenging terrain characteristic of many parts of Canada require an enormous amount of expert input from geological engineers.These needs are likely to become even stronger in the future.as transportation standards for safety.reliability and capacity increase.For example,recent building of high speed rail lines,in the European countries and Japan represents one of the greatest geological engineering challenges ever faced. In this country.we will be facing similar challenges in the near future. Energy Energy-we have all become aware of Canada's continuing struggle to meet its energy needs.Energy is essential for heating,transportation,manufacturing,and most other aspects of our life.We cannot afford to be complacent because we import as much energy in the form of oil,gas,and coal and uranium as we export.Hundreds of geological engineers are involved in multi-billion dollar exploration programs to find more resources. These include:oil and gas in Western Canada,the Arctic and off the East Coast;uranium in Saskatchewan:tar sands in Alberta;coal in the Rocky Mountains and Maritimes:and geothermal energy in British Columbia.Geological engineers also work as reservoir engineers.pit engineers and mine geologists in the production of these resources.Other important issues connected with energy production are the safety of facilities in the event of earthquakes and other natural disasters,and risk to the environment,connected with pollution from thermal energy plants and the disposal of waste from nuclear reactors.All of these issues require input from geological engineers. Water Water is the most essential mineral commodity used by man.Thus groundwater is an important realm of geological engineering.In many parts of Canada such as the Prairies. the location of industry and the irrigation of farms depends on a reliable and abundant source of good water.This often requires dams for watershed management or drilling to tap underground aquifers.Some geological engineers regulate water supply for

5 Environmental Protection Protection of the environment is one of the greatest challenges facing modern society. As new types of pollution are detected, engineers must develop new solutions to cure the problems. Geological engineers have a crucial role because of their knowledge of how the earth reacts to various engineering processes. With increasing value of land, demand for innovative solutions such as the use of underground space will grow steadily. Highly talented engineers are needed to design and construct excavations and tunnels and to safely dispose of garbage, sewage, and toxic chemicals. Building and maintenance of roads, railways, airports, transmission lines and pipelines in the challenging terrain characteristic of many parts of Canada require an enormous amount of expert input from geological engineers. These needs are likely to become even stronger in the future, as transportation standards for safety, reliability and capacity increase. For example, recent building of high speed rail lines, in the European countries and Japan represents one of the greatest geological engineering challenges ever faced. In this country, we will be facing similar challenges in the near future. Energy Energy - we have all become aware of Canada's continuing struggle to meet its energy needs. Energy is essential for heating, transportation, manufacturing, and most other aspects of our life. We cannot afford to be complacent because we import as much energy in the form of oil, gas, and coal and uranium as we export. Hundreds of geological engineers are involved in multi-billion dollar exploration programs to find more resources. These include: oil and gas in Western Canada, the Arctic and off the East Coast; uranium in Saskatchewan; tar sands in Alberta; coal in the Rocky Mountains and Maritimes; and geothermal energy in British Columbia. Geological engineers also work as reservoir engineers, pit engineers and mine geologists in the production of these resources. Other important issues connected with energy production are the safety of facilities in the event of earthquakes and other natural disasters, and risk to the environment, connected with pollution from thermal energy plants and the disposal of waste from nuclear reactors. All of these issues require input from geological engineers. Water Water is the most essential mineral commodity used by man. Thus groundwater is an important realm of geological engineering. In many parts of Canada such as the Prairies, the location of industry and the irrigation of farms depends on a reliable and abundant source of good water. This often requires dams for watershed management or drilling to tap underground aquifers. Some geological engineers regulate water supply for

CHAPTER II Common ground in engineering geology, soil mechanics and rock mechanics:past,present and future Helmut Bock Engineering geology,soil mechanics and rock mechanics in the past The advent of engincering geology occurred at about the same time that modem geological concepts were being worked out (i.e.around the tum of the eighteenth to nineteenth century).It was also at the time of a new demand for civil engineering expertise on construction projects at the onset of industrialization.The earliest years of engineering geology are often reflected in the person of William Smith.He is noted as"The Father of British Geology"(Legget 1962)as well as for his eminence as a civil engineer.He was involved in important projects as diverse as coal mines,land drainage and canal construction.Within his own expertise,William Smith was thus able pertinent aspects whichat that time.ere relevant toground Engineering geology,soil mechanics and rock mechanies of today and in the future If.in the past,the dominant feature of the three scientific ground engineering disciplines was differentiation and,to acertain degree.also segregation,then today.and hopefully into the future. it is integration and cooperation.A number of reasons which have contributed to such a change can be identified: Decades after Terzaghi's struggle to come to terms with the"strangely elusive subject", engineering geology has finally found its own identity.As evidenced by Knill (2002)it has established itself,next to soil mechanics and rock mechanics,as a free-standing discipline with autonomous intellectual merits,methods and procedures There is an ongoing debate about the particular contribution and responsibilities of engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers in the solution of problems in ground engineering.This is emphasized by differing professional definitions and accreditation rue that exist for geologists and engineers within major industrialized countries.With the move towards unified standards and the establishment of a world-wide network of professional services,any deficiencies in this regard will be counter productive to the ground engineering profession at large.An integrated approach of all ground engineering partners is therefore required. In our media-dominated world there is a definite need to raise public awareness and the

8 CHAPTER II Common ground in engineering geology, soil mechanics and rock mechanics: past, present and future Helmut Bock Engineering geology, soil mechanics and rock mechanics in the past The advent of engineering geology occurred at about the same time that modern geological concepts were being worked out (i. e. around the turn of the eighteenth to nineteenth century). It was also at the time of a new demand for civil engineering expertise on construction projects at the onset of industrialization. The earliest years of engineering geology are often reflected in the person of William Smith. He is noted as ‘‘The Father of British Geology’’ (Legget 1962) as well as for his eminence as a civil engineer. He was involved in important projects as diverse as coal mines, land drainage and canal construction. Within his own expertise, William Smith was thus able to cover all pertinent aspects which, at that time, were relevant to ground engineering. Engineering geology, soil mechanics and rock mechanics of today and in the future If, in the past, the dominant feature of the three scientific ground engineering disciplines was differentiation and, to a certain degree, also segregation, then today, and hopefully into the future, it is integration and co-operation. A number of reasons which have contributed to such a change can be identified： – Decades after Terzaghi’s struggle to come to terms with the ‘‘strangely elusive subject’’, engineering geology has finally found its own identity. As evidenced by Knill (2002) it has established itself, next to soil mechanics and rock mechanics, as a free-standing discipline with autonomous intellectual merits, methods and procedures. – There is an ongoing debate about the particular contribution and responsibilities of engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers in the solution of problems in ground engineering. This is emphasized by differing professional definitions and accreditation rules that exist for geologists and engineers within major industrialized countries. With the move towards unified standards and the establishment of a world-wide network of professional services, any deficiencies in this regard will be counter productive to the ground engineering profession at large. An integrated approach of all ground engineering partners is therefore required. – In our media-dominated world there is a definite need to raise public awareness and the

profile of the ground engineering profession with clients,the general public and with decision makers and politicians.This can only be achieved through an integrated effort. Against this background and instigated by Morgenstem(2000),expressions of interest for a closer co-operation between the three international ground engineering societies ISSMGE,ISRM and IAEGwere formulated by the respective Presidents of the soceties and by the organizers of the Geo Eng 2000 Conference in Melbourne.Subsequent meetings of the presidents led,in 2002.to the formation of a Joint European Working Group (JEWG)for the definition of a common scientific and professional platform for the three ground engineering disciplines (Bock et al2004) and,in 2003,toa Joint Task Force (JTF),tasked with working out proposals for a restructuring of the three international societies in the move to establish a"Federation of International Geo-Engineering Societies".The JEWG delivered its Final Report to the three presidents in June 204 (JEWG004),whilst the TF submitted an Interim Report in July 004(JTF004)with the intention to release its final repor in February 2005. The common platform as formulated by the JEWG The following is a brief account of the common scientific and professional platform developed by the JEWG The specification and acceptance of such a platform is one of the keys in the intended formal co-operation of the international geo-engineering societies.In August 204.the JWEG Report was endorsed by the IAEG Council as a "Reference Document"of the IAEG In the process of specifying a common platform,the JEWG identified the following three areas as fundamental to ground enginering: -Geomechanics,as the umbrella term for both soil mechanics and rock mechanics Engineering geology and Design and implementation of ground engineering structures (ground engineering in its narrow sense) Each of the three areas was associated with three key aspects that,in line with Knill (2002),are grouped in subject specific interaction triangles as delineated in the following three subsections. The triangle of geomechanics:soil mechanies and rock mechanies Ground engineering is based on a sound understanding of the mechanical behavior of geological materials.Due tothe assemblage their within a fractured system,the mechanical behavior of geological materials must incorporate principles of solid mechanics,fuid mechanics and the mechanics of discontinua.These three mechanical disciplines define theTriangle of Geomechanics"(Fig 1).Within the triangle,the relative positions of soil mechanics and rock mechanics can be located as shown in Fig.1.Soil mechanics is the discipline that is characterized by the mechanical interaction between solids and fluids,whilst rock

9 profile of the ground engineering profession with clients, the general public and with decision makers and politicians. This can only be achieved through an integrated effort. Against this background and instigated by Morgenstern (2000), expressions of interest for a closer co-operation between the three international ground engineering societies ISSMGE, ISRM and IAEG were formulated by the respective Presidents of the societies and by the organizers of the Geo Eng 2000 Conference in Melbourne. Subsequent meetings of the presidents led, in 2002, to the formation of a Joint European Working Group (JEWG) for the definition of a common scientific and professional platform for the three ground engineering disciplines (Bock et al. 2004) and, in 2003, to a Joint Task Force (JTF), tasked with working out proposals for a restructuring of the three international societies in the move to establish a ‘‘Federation of International Geo-Engineering Societies’’. The JEWG delivered its Final Report to the three presidents in June 2004 (JEWG 2004), whilst the JTF submitted an Interim Report in July 2004 (JTF 2004) with the intention to release its final report in February 2005. The common platform as formulated by the JEWG The following is a brief account of the common scientific and professional platform developed by the JEWG. The specification and acceptance of such a platform is one of the keys in the intended formal co-operation of the international geo-engineering societies. In August 2004, the JWEG Report was endorsed by the IAEG Council as a ‘‘Reference Document’’ of the IAEG. In the process of specifying a common platform, the JEWG identified the following three areas as fundamental to ground engineering: – Geomechanics, as the umbrella term for both soil mechanics and rock mechanics – Engineering geology and – Design and implementation of ground engineering structures (ground engineering in its narrow sense) Each of the three areas was associated with three key aspects that, in line with Knill (2002), are grouped in subject specific interaction triangles as delineated in the following three subsections. The triangle of geomechanics: soil mechanics and rock mechanics Ground engineering is based on a sound understanding of the mechanical behavior of geological materials. Due to the assemblage of solids and fluids and their intrinsic nature within a fractured system, the mechanical behavior of geological materials must incorporate principles of solid mechanics, fluid mechanics and the mechanics of discontinua. These three mechanical disciplines define the ‘‘Triangle of Geomechanics’’ (Fig. 1). Within the triangle, the relative positions of soil mechanics and rock mechanics can be located as shown in Fig.1. Soil mechanics is the discipline that is characterized by the mechanical interaction between solids and fluids, whilst rock