CHAPTER III Geology
CHAPTER III Geology
New words and phrases Mineral:矿物 molecular structure:分子结构 crystallization:结晶 ions:离子 Cleavage:解理 Fracture:断口 Hardness:硬度 Conchoidal(kon'koid:贝壳状的 Splintery:易碎裂的 Talc:滑石 Gypsum:石膏 Calcite:方解石 Fluorite(flue)erait]):萤石
New words and phrases Mineral：矿物 molecular structure：分子结构 crystallization：结晶 ions：离子 Cleavage：解理 Fracture：断口 Hardness：硬度 Conchoidal (kɔŋ’kɔidl) ：贝壳状的 Splintery：易碎裂的 Talc：滑石 Gypsum：石膏 Calcite：方解石 Fluorite(‘flu(:)ərait])：萤石
New words and phrases Apatite:磷灰石 Streak:条痕 Orthoclase(:0 oukleis):正长石 Translucency:透明度 Quartz:石英 Specific gravity:比重 Topaz:黄玉 Odor:气味 Sapphire('sef,aIa):刚玉 parent rock::母岩 Diamond:金刚石 mantle-rock:表层岩 Luster:光泽 Igneous Rocks:火成岩 Vitreous(vItri:as):玻璃质（光泽) Sedimentary Rocks:沉积岩 Adamantine:金刚石的（光泽) Metamorphic Rocks::变质岩 Resinous:树脂质的（光泽) Grave:砾石 Greasy:油脂质的（光泽） Silt:粉砂 Pearly:珍珠状的（光泽） Mud:粘土 Siky:丝状（光泽） Geologic Structure:地质构造
New words and phrases Apatite：磷灰石 Orthoclase(‘ɔ:θəukleis): 正长石 Quartz：石英 Topaz：黄玉 Sapphire(‘sæf’aɪə)：刚玉 Diamond：金刚石 Luster：光泽 Vitreous(‘vɪtri:əs)：玻璃质（光泽） Adamantine：金刚石的（光泽） Resinous：树脂质的（光泽） Greasy：油脂质的（光泽） Pearly：珍珠状的（光泽） Silky：丝状（光泽） Streak：条痕 Translucency：透明度 Specific gravity：比重 Odor：气味 parent rock：母岩 mantle-rock：表层岩 Igneous Rocks：火成岩 Sedimentary Rocks：沉积岩 Metamorphic Rocks：变质岩 Grave：砾石 Silt：粉砂 Mud：粘土 Geologic Structure：地质构造
New words and phrases Anticline:背斜 Syncline:向斜 Outcrop:露头 As the water slows down,first the coarse material settles,the cobbles,shingle and gravel.Then sand,silt and finally mud.由于水流变慢，首先粗的 砾石沉积，然后是砂石，粉砂，粘土
New words and phrases Anticline：背斜 Syncline：向斜 Outcrop：露头 As the water slows down, first the coarse material settles, the cobbles, shingle and gravel. Then sand, silt and finally mud. 由于水流变慢，首先粗的 砾石沉积，然后是砂石，粉砂，粘土
Questions? 1 What is mineral? 2 What is the most important element in the LITHOSPHERE? 3 List the physical characters of minerals and give some explanations? 4 What is the definition of rock? 5 Give a convenient artificial classification of rocks. 6 What is the definition of soil? 7 What is a formation of soil? 8 Give some explanations to rules of geologic structures. 9 What are the anticlines and synclines? 10 List out the types of faults
Questions? 1 What is mineral? 2 What is the most important element in the LITHOSPHERE? 3 List the physical characters of minerals and give some explanations? 4 What is the definition of rock? 5 Give a convenient artificial classification of rocks. 6 What is the definition of soil? 7 What is a formation of soil? 8 Give some explanations to rules of geologic structures. 9 What are the anticlines and synclines? 10 List out the types of faults
1 What is mineral? "A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes"(Nickel,E.H.,1995). "Minerals are naturally-occurring inorganic substances with a definite and predictable chemical composition and physical properties."(O'Donoghue, 1990). A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous solid,inorganically formed,with a definite chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement" (Mason,et al,1968)
"A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes" (Nickel, E. H., 1995). "Minerals are naturally-occurring inorganic substances with a definite and predictable chemical composition and physical properties." (O' Donoghue, 1990). A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous solid, inorganically formed, with a definite chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement" (Mason, et al, 1968). 1 What is mineral?
1 What is mineral? "These...minerals ...can be distinguished from one another by individual characteristics that arise directly from the kinds of atoms they contain and the arrangements these atoms make inside them" (Sinkankas,1966). "A mineral is a body produced by the processes of inorganic nature,having usually a definite chemical composition and,if formed under favorable conditions,a certain characteristic atomic structure which is expressed in its crystalline form and other physical properties"(Dana Ford,1932)
1 What is mineral? "These... minerals ...can be distinguished from one another by individual characteristics that arise directly from the kinds of atoms they contain and the arrangements these atoms make inside them" (Sinkankas, 1966). "A mineral is a body produced by the processes of inorganic nature, having usually a definite chemical composition and, if formed under favorable conditions, a certain characteristic atomic structure which is expressed in its crystalline form and other physical properties" (Dana & Ford, 1932)
1 What is mineral? "Every distinct chemical compound occurring in inorganic nature,having a definite molecular structure or system of crystallization and well-defined physical properties,constitutes a mineral species"(Brush Penfield,1898)
1 What is mineral? "Every distinct chemical compound occurring in inorganic nature, having a definite molecular structure or system of crystallization and well-defined physical properties, constitutes a mineral species" (Brush & Penfield, 1898)
Physical Characters Cleavage(解理).-The ability of a mineral to split along one or more planes parallel to actual or possible crystal planes is called cleavage. Fracture.--The mode of breaking _in directions other than those of cleavage is the type of fracture of the mineral.It is conchoidal(贝壳状的)when it has rounded surfaces suggestive of a shell; even or uneven,when nearly plain,or rough and irregular;
Physical Characters Fracture.--The mode of breaking in directions other than those of cleavage is the type of fracture of the mineral. It is conchoidal( 贝壳状的 ) when it has rounded surfaces suggestive of a shell; even or uneven, when nearly plain, or rough and irregular; Cleavage(解理).--The ability of a mineral to split along one or more planes parallel to actual or possible crystal planes is called cleavage
Physical Characters ÷hackly(锯齿状物or splintery,when it has ragged sharp points and depressions,or separates in a fiber-splinter- like manner. ÷Tenacity(韧性).-mineral is brittle when it breaks into powder; Sectile(可制成片，when small slices can be shaved off which crumble under a hammer; http://webmineral.com/help/Fracture.shtml
Physical Characters hackly(锯齿状的) or splintery, when it has ragged sharp points and depressions, or separates in a fiber- splinterlike manner. Tenacity(韧性). -- mineral is brittle when it breaks into powder; Sectile (可制成片的), when small slices can be shaved off which crumble under a hammer; http://webmineral.com/help/Fracture.shtml