上海交通大学通识核心课程“历史视野下的美国文化”结业论文 Russian expansion.18 The new President,Truman,was a complete contrast to Roosevelt. He did not believe the communists.He thought that the communists would not set up democratic governments in eastern Europe.He also believed that after the Soviet Union had established her control in eastern Europe,she would continue to extend her influence into western Europe.Thus President Truman favored a policy of strong resistance against Russian expansion. The second reason was that just before the Potsdam Conference was to take place,the United States had successfully exploded her atomic bomb.President Truman thought that since the United States alone possessed the atomic bomb,she could adopt a stiff attitude towards Russian expansion in Europe.19 The third reason was that President Truman was personally disgusted at the non-co- operative attitude of the Russians at the Potsdam Conference.Russia was determined to exact heavy reparations from Germany. (iii)Poor relations between the United States and the Soviet Union: The deteriorating relations between the Soviet Union and the United States were reflected in two minor incidents in the year.Land-Lease was abruptly terminated by the United States and the Russian request for American economic aid for the purposes of post-war reconstruction was ignored by the government of the United States.2021 The poor relations between the East and West were also reflected in a speech by Churchill,known as the Iron Curtain speech.In March 1946,Churchill made a speech at Fulton,Missouri in which he said,"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic,an iron curtain has descended across the continent....Behind that line lie all the capitals of the central and eastern Europe.Warsaw,Berlin,Prague,Vienna,Budapest,Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia,all are subject in one form or another not only to Soviet influence but also to a very high and increasing control from Moscow."The Fulton speech increased the American suspicion of Soviet aggressive designs in Europe.22 In my opinion,the effects of this cold war must also be noted as importance.These causes got heated up resulted in the Berlin crisis in 1948,the formation of military alliances such as NATO and Warsaw Pact,the cold war in East Asia where a real war 18"The Yalta Conference."Office of the Historian,Bureau of Public Affairs,United States Department of State.6 December 2012.<http://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/YaltaConf> 19"The Potsdam Conference."Office of the Historian,Bureau of Public Affairs,United States Department of State.6 December 2012.<http://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/PotsdamConf> 20 Weiss,Stuart L.The President's Man:Leo Crowley and Franklin Roosevelt in Peace and War.Carbondale, Illinois:Southern Illinois University Press,1996.p.220 21"The Lend-Lease Act."About.com.6 December 2012. <http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/industrialmobilization/p/lend-lease-act.htm> 22魏啸飞魏啸飞，《美国文明史》，北京大学出版社，2008，第255-256页 5上海交通大学通识核心课程“历史视野下的美国文化”结业论文 5 Russian expansion.18 The new President, Truman, was a complete contrast to Roosevelt. He did not believe the communists. He thought that the communists would not set up democratic governments in eastern Europe. He also believed that after the Soviet Union had established her control in eastern Europe, she would continue to extend her influence into western Europe. Thus President Truman favored a policy of strong resistance against Russian expansion. The second reason was that just before the Potsdam Conference was to take place, the United States had successfully exploded her atomic bomb. President Truman thought that since the United States alone possessed the atomic bomb, she could adopt a stiff attitude towards Russian expansion in Europe.19 The third reason was that President Truman was personally disgusted at the non-co- operative attitude of the Russians at the Potsdam Conference. Russia was determined to exact heavy reparations from Germany. (iii) Poor relations between the United States and the Soviet Union: The deteriorating relations between the Soviet Union and the United States were reflected in two minor incidents in the year. Land-Lease was abruptly terminated by the United States and the Russian request for American economic aid for the purposes of post-war reconstruction was ignored by the government of the United States.2021 The poor relations between the East and West were also reflected in a speech by Churchill, known as the Iron Curtain speech. In March 1946, Churchill made a speech at Fulton, Missouri in which he said, "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent .... Behind that line lie all the capitals of the central and eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all are subject in one form or another not only to Soviet influence but also to a very high and increasing control from Moscow." The Fulton speech increased the American suspicion of Soviet aggressive designs in Europe.22 In my opinion, the effects of this cold war must also be noted as importance. These causes got heated up resulted in the Berlin crisis in 1948, the formation of military alliances such as NATO and Warsaw Pact, the cold war in East Asia where a real war 18 “The Yalta Conference.” Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. 6 December 2012. <http://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/YaltaConf> 19 “The Potsdam Conference.” Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. 6 December 2012. <http://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/PotsdamConf> 20 Weiss, Stuart L. The President's Man: Leo Crowley and Franklin Roosevelt in Peace and War. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996. p. 220 21 “The Lend-Lease Act.” About.com. 6 December 2012. <http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/industrialmobilization/p/lend-lease-act.htm> 22魏啸飞魏啸飞，《美国文明史》，北京大学出版社， 2008，第 255-256 页