版权所有 违者必究 and exchanged rumors while whittling bits of wood or while squatting in the shade to get SUMMER, NETEM: CC12 acquainted with strangers. Along with Sunday sermons and the arguments and rampaging satirical abuse of political campaigns, such tale-telling has become a part of Southem literature. ut there is also another special kind of conversational flow among Southem women that contributed to their writing Same of their talk ok the form of tales and essays told for their own sake. Sometimes humorous, sometmes sad: all were as bright as the figures in fin and witty observations ublic goods are those commodities from whose enjoyment nobody can be effectively excluded. Everybody is free to enjoy the benefits of these commodities, and one person's utilization does not reduce the possibilities of anybody else's enjoying the same good. Examples of public goods are not as rare as one might expect. A flood control dam is a public good. Once the dam is built, all persons living in the area will benefit- irespective of their own contribution to the construction cost of the dam. The same holds true for highway signs or aids to navigation. Once a lighthouse s built, no ship of any nationality can be effectively excluded of the lighthouse for navigational purposes. National defense is another example Even a person who voted against military expenditures or did not pay any taxes will benefit from the protection afforded. It is no easy task to determine the social costs and social benefits associated with a public good. There is no practicable way of charging drivers for looking at highway signs, sailors for watching a lighthouse and citizens for the security provided to them through national defense. Because the market does not provide the necessary signals, economic analysis has to be substituted for the impersonal judgme of the marketplace. assage 3 Dr. Anne Roe has studied occupational interests for more than 20 years. Most of her studies have been done wth professional people ike artists, psychologists biologists, engineers, and social workers. At the start, Dr Roe believed that these people chose their ccupations because of things that happened when they were young Dr. Roe believed that children who had warm and accepting parents might later choose to enter "person-directed"occupations Person-directed occ ire one to work a lot with other people. Good examples would be teaching, social work, or sales work he also thought that children who grew up in cold and rejecting families might choose to enter"hon-person-directed "occupations, such as astronomy, accounting, or engineering. In short, Dr Roe thought that when people became adults they would choose to work in situations, like those they had enjoyed as children. She also felt that they would try to avoid the kinds of situations that brought them pain. She reasoned that a person who enjoyed people as a youngster would want to work with people when he or she grew up. On the other hand, a person who had a hard For many years Dr Roe talked with hundreds of people. Through interviews she thed to find out what their early childhoods were like Then she compared this with the kinds of occupations they chose when they grew up Now after years of work, Dr Roe says that she has neither proved nor disproved her onginal idea The evidence is not strong either wa She now admits that the relationship between childhood experiences and occupational choice may not be as strong as she had imagined A lot of things happen to people that tend to cancel childhood experiences. But it took many years of investigation by Dr Roe版权所有 违者必究 12 and exchanged rumors while whittling bits of wood or while squatting in the shade to get acquainted with strangers. Along with Sunday sermons and the arguments and rampaging satirical abuse of political campaigns, such tale-telling has become a part of Southern literature. But there is also another special kind of conversational flow among Southern women that contributed to their writing. Some of their talk took the form of tales and essays told for their own sake. Sometimes humorous, sometimes sad: all were as bright as the figures in fine needlepoint. These tales included peculiar, comic and poetic description, character sketches, narratives, gusts of feeling, delicate ironies, and witty observations. Passage 2 Public goods are those commodities from whose enjoyment nobody can be effectively excluded. Everybody is free to enjoy the benefits of these commodities, and one person’s utilization does not reduce the possibilities of anybody else’s enjoying the same good. Examples of public goods are not as rare as one might expect. A flood control dam is a public good. Once the dam is built, al l persons living in the area will benefit —— irrespective of their own contribution to the construction cost of the dam. The same holds true for highway signs or aids to navigation. Once a lighthouse is built, no ship of any nationality can be effectively excluded from the utilization of the lighthouse for navigational purposes. National defense is another example. Even a person who voted against military expenditures or did not pay any taxes will benefit from the protection afforded. It is no easy task to determine the social costs and social benefits associated with a public good. There is no practicable way of charging drivers for looking at highway signs, sailors for watching a lighthouse, and citizens for the security provided to them through national defense. Because the market does not provide the necessary signals, economic analysis has to be substituted for the impersonal judgment of the marketplace. Passage 3 Dr. Anne Roe has studied occupational interests for more than 20 years. Most of her studies have been done with professional people like artists, psychologists, biologists, engineers, and social workers. At the start, Dr. Roe believed that these people chose their occupations because of things that happened when they were young. Dr. Roe believed that children who had warm and accepting parents might later choose to enter “person-directed” occupations. Person-directed occupations require one to work a lot with other people. Good examples would be teaching, social work, or sales work. She also thought that children who grew up in cold and rejecting families might choose to enter “non-person-directed” occupations, such as astronomy, accounting, or engineering. In short, Dr. Roe thought that when people became adults they would choose to work in situations, like those they had enjoyed as children. She also felt that they would try to avoid the kinds of situations that brought them pain. She reasoned that a person who enjoyed people as a youngster would want to work with people when he or she grew up. On the other hand, a person who had a hard time with others when young would try to avoid person-directed occupations as an adult. For many years Dr. Roe talked with hundreds of people. Through interviews she tried to find out what their early childhoods were like. Then she compared this with the kinds of occupations they chose when they grew up. Now, after years of work, Dr. Roe says that she has neither proved nor disproved her original idea. The evidence is not strong either way. She now admits that the relationship between childhood experiences and occupational choice may not be as strong as she had imagined. A lot of things happen to people that tend to cancel childhood experiences. But it took many years of investigation by Dr. Roe to discover this. ********************************************************************************* SUMMER : NETEM: CC12