and conveyance methods from either municipal wastewater treatment lants or industrial waste treatment facilities Pollutants water Reclamation Treatment of wastewater fur subsequent reuse application or the act of using treated wastewater The reuse of treated wastewater and biosolids for beneficial purposes R euse Beneficial use of reclaimed or repurified wastewater or stabilized Sludge and solids Solids removed from wastewater during treatment. Solids that are treated further am termed Since 1980, the water quality improvement objectives of the 1970s have continued, but shifted to the definition and removal of constituents that may cause long-term health effects and environmental impacts. Consequently while the early treatment obiectives remain valid today. the required degree of treatment has increased significantlv and additional treatment obiectives and goals have been added. Therefore, treatment obiectives must go hand in hand with the water quality obiectives Recent regulations that ies design inc beneficial use of biosolids. In the biosolids regulation promulgated in 1993. national standards were set for pathogen and heavy metal content and for the safe handling and use of biosolids. The standards are designed to protect human health and the environment where biosolids are applied beneficially to land The rule also promotes the development of a"clean sludge(U.s. EPA, 1999 The total maximum daily load (TMDL) program was promulgated in 2000 but is not scheduled to be in effect until 2002. The Tmdl rule is designed to protect ambient water quality. A TMDL represents the maximum amount of a pollutant that a water body can receive and still meet water quality standards. A TMDL is the sum of (1)the individual waste-load allocations for point sources,(2) load allocations fo nonpoint sources, (3)natural background levels, and(4)a margin of safety (U.S. EPA, 2000). To implement the rule a comprehensive watershed-based water quality management program must be undertaken to find and control nonpoint sources in addition to conventional point source discharges. With implementation of the TMDL rule. the focus on water quality shifts from technology-based controls to preservation of ambient water quality. The end result is an integrated planning approach that transcends jurisdictional boundaries and forces different sectors. such as agriculture, water and wastewater utilities and urban runoff managers, to cooperate. Implementation of the TMDL rule will vary depending on the specific water quality objectives established for each watershed and, in some cases, will require the installation of advanced levels of treatment 1-3 Health and Environmental Concerns in Wastewater Management As research into the characteristics of wastewater has become more extensive, and as the techniques for analyzing specific constituents and their potential health and environmental effects have become more comprehensive, the body of scientific knowledge has expanded significantly. Many of the new treatment methods being developed are designed to deal with health and enviro indings of recent research. However the advancement in treatment technology effectiveness has not kept ace with the enhanced constituent detection capability. Pollutants can be detected at lower concentrations than can be attained by available treatment technology Therefore, careful assessment of health and environment effects and community concerns about these effects becomes increasingly important in wastewater management The need to establish a dialogue with the community is important to assure that health and environmental issues are being addressed. Water quality issues arise when increasing amounts of treated wastewater are discharged to water bodies that are eventually used as water supplies. The waters of the Mississippi river and many rivers in the eastern United States are used for municipal and industrial water supplies and as repositories for the esulting treated wastewater. In southern California. a semiarid region. increasing amounts of reclaimed wastewater are being used or are planned to be used for groundwater recharge to augment existing potable water supplies. Significant questions remain about the testing and levels of treatment necessary to protect human health where the commingling of highly treated wastewater with drinking water sources results in indirect potable reuse. Some professionals obiect in principle to the indirect reuse of treated wastewater for potable purposes: others express concern that current techniques are inadequate for detecting all microbial and chemical contaminants of health significance. Among the latter concerns are(1)the lack of 1-31-3 and conveyance methods from either municipal wastewater treatment plants or industrial waste treatment facilities Pollutants Constituents added to the water supply through use Reclamation Treatment of wastewater fur subsequent reuse application or the act of reusing treated wastewater Recycling The reuse of treated wastewater and biosolids for beneficial purposes Reuse Beneficial use of reclaimed or repurified wastewater or stabilized biosolids Sludge and solids Solids removed from wastewater during treatment. Solids that are treated further am termed Since 1980, the water quality improvement objectives of the 1970s have continued, but the emphasis has shifted to the definition and removal of constituents that may cause long-term health effects and environmental impacts. Consequently, while the early treatment objectives remain valid today, the required degree of treatment has increased significantly, and additional treatment objectives and goals have been added. Therefore, treatment objectives must go hand in hand with the water quality objectives or standards established by the federal, state, and regional regulatory authorities. Recent regulations that affect wastewater facilities design include those for the treatment, disposal, and beneficial use of biosolids. In the biosolids regulation promulgated in 1993, national standards were set for pathogen and heavy metal content and for the safe handling and use of biosolids. The standards are designed to protect human health and the environment where biosolids are applied beneficially to land. The rule also promotes the development of a “clean sludge” (U.S. EPA, 1999). The total maximum daily load (TMDL) program was promulgated in 2000 but is not scheduled to be in effect until 2002. The TMDL rule is designed to protect ambient water quality. A TMDL represents the maximum amount of a pollutant that a water body can receive and still meet water quality standards. A TMDL is the sum of (1) the individual waste-load allocations for point sources, (2) load allocations for nonpoint sources, (3) natural background levels, and (4) a margin of safety (U.S. EPA, 2000). To implement the rule, a comprehensive watershed-based water quality management program must be undertaken to find and control nonpoint sources in addition to conventional point source discharges. With implementation of the TMDL rule, the focus on water quality shifts from technology-based controls to preservation of ambient water quality. The end result is an integrated planning approach that transcends jurisdictional boundaries and forces different sectors, such as agriculture, water and wastewater utilities, and urban runoff managers, to cooperate. Implementation of the TMDL rule will vary depending on the specific water quality objectives established for each watershed and, in some cases, will require the installation of advanced levels of treatment. 1-3 Health and Environmental Concerns in Wastewater Management As research into the characteristics of wastewater has become more extensive, and as the techniques for analyzing specific constituents and their potential health and environmental effects have become more comprehensive, the body of scientific knowledge has expanded significantly. Many of the new treatment methods being developed are designed to deal with health and environmental concerns associated with findings of recent research. However, the advancement in treatment technology effectiveness has not kept pace with the enhanced constituent detection capability. Pollutants can be detected at lower concentrations than can be attained by available treatment technology. Therefore, careful assessment of health and environment effects and community concerns about these effects becomes increasingly important in wastewater management. The need to establish a dialogue with the community is important to assure that health and environmental issues are being addressed. Water quality issues arise when increasing amounts of treated wastewater are discharged to water bodies that are eventually used as water supplies. The waters of the Mississippi River and many rivers in the eastern United States are used for municipal and industrial water supplies and as repositories for the resulting treated wastewater. In southern California, a semiarid region, increasing amounts of reclaimed wastewater are being used or are planned to be used for groundwater recharge to augment existing potable water supplies. Significant questions remain about the testing and levels of treatment necessary to protect human health where the commingling of highly treated wastewater with drinking water sources results in indirect potable reuse. Some professionals object in principle to the indirect reuse of treated wastewater for potable purposes; others express concern that current techniques are inadequate for detecting all microbial and chemical contaminants of health significance. Among the latter concerns are (1) the lack of