STATE OF THE WORLD'S FORESTs 2003 change on human populations, affecting delivery of multiple goods and services. The settlement and consumption patterns, which will public expects forestry plans to provide then influence how forests are used. Nonetheless, adequately for the protection of watersheds, the capacity of tree species to shift their ranges in indigenous people to be able to occupy their 4x0giCal factors, such as dispersal mechanisms. economically valuable forests),asystem of s sponse to climate change also depends on traditional homelands(even if they are in Trees propagated by seeds that are scattered by the protected areas to cover all major ecosystem types wind or carried by animals may disperse more in the country, and any exploitation of timber and easily than others(Peters and Lovejoy, 1992). In other forest products to be sustainable Sustainable addition, the changing ranges of animal species forest management based on ecosystem principles may affect those tree species that depend on them -such as maintaining healthy breeding populations, conserving soils, avoiding erosion, a growing body of research has examined the allowing natural fire regimes and carefully ible effects of climate chang planning roads to minimize impact-is therefore species and biotic communities. Findings suggest entirely consistent with what is required to that biological communities will shift in intricate conserve biological diversi and unexpected ways as the geographical Managing natural forests for sustainability distribution of species is altered individually requires moving beyond the outdated concept of rather than in community units( FAUNMAP maximum sustainable yield. In many parts of the 996). Furthermore, because species are world, the focus on this aspect has simplified the interrelated, any advantage falling to a given forest structure, replacing natural mixed forest species in an ecosystem will affect other species in with single-species and even-aged monocultures ways that are not always predictable. As climates While the area of planted forests is still very small change, the rates of species invasion and (less than 5 percent of total forest area), the extinction are likely to accelerate, bringing about selection and breeding of planting stock -and in complex changes in species composition and some cases intensive management-tend to interaction(Mooney and Hobbs, 2000). Thus, narrow genetic diversity and reduce the number of rather than causing a simple northward or uphill associated species. Intensifying the management of ifting of ecosystems with all inhabitants intact, natural and planted forests has often involved communities and force evolutionary changes y climate changes will reorganize forest biological eliminating competing species, draining wetlands, suppressing natural fires and accelerating rotation Populations located near the edge of a species cycles. At least in the short term, these activities range, narrowly endemic species and endangered have led to an increase in productivity, often at the species that exist only in protected areas or other expense of forest quality because of threats to limited habitats are especially vulnerable to forest-dwelling fauna and increased vulnerability regional vegetation shifts. Species already to various pests. Sustained-yield forestry, designed threatened by direct exploitation, habitat loss and to provide a steady stream of timber, is therefor habitat degradation are likely to be particularly not synonymous with sustainable forest susceptible to new threats(Peters and Lovejoy, management, which gives greater attention to 1992: Schneider and root, 2002) various ecological processes and the range of elated goods and services NTERFACE BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABLE FOREST Sustainably produced timber MANAGEMENT Since timber is the most valuable forest product in While timber production often dominated the way many forest ecosystems, a critical question is how which forests were managed in the twentieth it can be produced sustainably without depleting century, new pressures in the twenty-first century biological diversity. Natural forest management is demand a more nuanced approach, calling for the widely advocated as the best hope of making2003 FORESTS S’WORLD THE OF STATE 90 affecting, populations human on change will which, patterns consumption and settlement ,Nonetheless. used are forests how influence then in ranges their shift to species tree of capacity the on depends also change climate to response .mechanisms dispersal as such, factors ecological the by scattered are that seeds by propagated Trees more disperse may animals by carried or wind In). 1992, Lovejoy and Peters (others than easily species animal of ranges changing the, addition them on depend that species tree those affect may .propagation for the examined has research of body growing A individual on change climate of effects possible suggest Findings. communities biotic and species intricate in shift will communities biological that geographical the as ways unexpected and individually altered is species of distribution ,FAUNMAP (units community in than rather are species because, Furthermore). 1996 given a to falling advantage any, interrelated in species other affect will ecosystem an in species climates As. predictable always not are that ways and invasion species of rates the, change about bringing, accelerate to likely are extinction and composition species in changes complex ,Thus). 2000, Hobbs and Mooney (interaction uphill or northward simple a causing than rather ,intact inhabitants all with ecosystems of shifting biological forest reorganize will changes climate .changes evolutionary force and communities ‘species a of edge the near located Populations endangered and species endemic narrowly, range other or areas protected in only exist that species to vulnerable especially are habitats limited already Species. shifts vegetation regional and loss habitat, exploitation direct by threatened particularly be to likely are degradation habitat ,Lovejoy and Peters (threats new to susceptible .(2002, Root and Schneider; 1992 BIOLOGICAL BETWEEN INTERFACE FOREST SUSTAINABLE AND DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT way the dominated often production timber While twentieth the in managed were forests which in century first-twenty the in pressures new, century the for calling, approach nuanced more a demand The. services and goods multiple of delivery provide to plans forestry expects public ,watersheds of protection the for adequately their occupy to able be to people indigenous in are they if even (homelands traditional of system a), forests valuable economically types ecosystem major all cover to areas protected and timber of exploitation any and, country the in Sustainable. sustainable be to products forest other principles ecosystem on based management forest breeding healthy maintaining as such– ,erosion avoiding, soils conserving, populations carefully and regimes fire natural allowing therefore is – impact minimize to roads planning to required is what with consistent entirely .diversity biological conserve sustainability for forests natural Managing of concept outdated the beyond moving requires the of parts many In. yield sustainable maximum the simplified has aspect this on focus the, world forest mixed natural replacing, structure forest .monocultures aged-even and species-single with small very still is forests planted of area the While the), area forest total of percent 5 than less( in and – stock planting of breeding and selection to tend – management intensive cases some of number the reduce and diversity genetic narrow of management the Intensifying. species associated involved often has forests planted and natural ,wetlands draining, species competing eliminating rotation accelerating and fires natural suppressing activities these, term short the in least At. cycles the at often, productivity in increase an to led have to threats of because quality forest of expense vulnerability increased and fauna dwelling-forest designed, forestry yield-Sustained. pests various to therefore is, timber of stream steady a provide to forest sustainable with synonymous not to attention greater gives which, management of range the and processes ecological various .services and goods related timber produced Sustainably in product forest valuable most the is timber Since how is question critical a, ecosystems forest many depleting without sustainably produced be can it is management forest Natural. diversity biological making of hope best the as advocated widely