308 gain ratio (Stock et al. 1985). When fed to swine, Rice in feed for animals reconstituted sorghum gave a slight improvement only in the case of high-tannin sorghum A total of 6.5 million tonnes of rice was used 3 For beef cattle, grain sorghum has 85-95% of annually, worldwide, in the period 1984-86 for feeding value of maize. The sorgh hum animal feeding, nearly all(6.0 million tonnes) digested slowly in the and has a relatively being used in Asia( China 3.2 Mt; Thailand 0.7 Mt)(FAO,1990) lower total tract digestibility(Klopfenstein et aL., For feeding swine, rice if pelleted can replace 1991 50% of the maize in the feed or 35%if fed Ground sorghum can provide up to 80% of feed for pregnant sows, 76% for lactating sows, meal For young pigs, the feed could contain 20% 71% for young pigs, 78% for growing pigs, and of rice bran, if pelleted(Sharp, 1991).The 84 for finishing pigs( Cromwell, 1991). Fc feeding value of pelleted, broken rice for swine poultry, suggested rations include 18% of sorghum is 96% of that of ( Cromwell, 1991) Considerable use for animal feeding is made of layer-breeders(ed as all-mash in a warm climate) a mixture of rice bran and rice polishing.rds for chick starters, 13% for growers(7-12 weeks) well with wheat. It contributes a useful amount of biotin, pantothenic acid, niacin, vitamin E and Rye in animal feed linoleic acid to mixed feeds, thereby reducing the requirement for supplementation with vitamin/ Of the annual total world usage of rye for minerals premix. The contribution of linoleic acid animal feed, of 14.5 million tonnes, in the period in rice pollards is of particular value in rations the USSR, the USSR using 39.3%, Poland 30.3% for laying hens, where it has a beneficial effect and Germany(FRD plus gDR)15.2%. Usage in on egg size(Australian Technical Millers, 1980) For growing pigs, up to 30% of rice pollard can the whole of north and central America was only be fed in balanced rations without adverse effects 3. 4% of the total Rye is used in areas where it is cheaper than on growth rate or carcase quality (Roese, 1978) (the residue left after oil barley, but, although rye is high in energy, extraction from rice bran)has an increased content growth of animals on rye is slower than on other of protein and a good amino acid profile for mono- cereals, possibly because its unpa intake. Rye contains a high level of pectin(a gastric animals, also good protein and phosphorus carbohydrate), which reduces its feeding value. contents for ruminants. However, it is not a good Thus, rye is compounded with other cereals for Source of fatty acids animal feed. Rye also contains a resorcinol Rice mill feed is a mixture of rice pollards and 5-alkyl-resorcinol-which was once thought to ground rice hulls used for animal feed. In 1986 be toxic to animals. Attempts are being made to 0.72 million tonnes of rice mill feed were used breed lines of rye with lower levels of resorcinol. for animal feed in the U.S. A. ( USDA, 1987c) Horses feed on rye grain show no ill effects Ground rice hulls are a highly fibrous, lot from possible toxic constituents(Antoni, 1960), energy foodstuff, suitable for diluting the energy and rye can be successfully fed to swine and level in rations for cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and cattle when it contributes up to 50%in a mixed poultry (Australian Technical Millers, 1980).The total digestible nutrients(at 14%m c )in rice K'i The presence of ergot in rye is a risk if the rye hull are 15% for cattle and 25%for sheep(Juliano fed to swine, as the ergot can cause abortion 1985) in sows, and reduce the performance of growing Rice hulls contain 9-20% of lignin, thereby pigs(Drews and Seibel, 1976; Cromwell, 1991; limiting their use for animal feed. Various de- Lorenz, 1991). lignification processes have been suggested, e.g308 TECHNOLOGY OF CEREALS gain ratio (Stock et al., 1985). When fed to swine, reconstituted sorghum gave a slight improvement only in the case of high-tannin sorghum. For beef cattle, grain sorghum has 85-95% of digested slowly in the rumen and has a relatively lower total tract digestibility (Klopfenstein et al. , 1991). Ground sorghum can provide up to 80% Of the 71% for young pigs, 78% for growing pigs, and poultry, suggested rations include 18% of sorghum 14% for developers (13-18 weeks), and 20% for layer-breeders (fed as all-mash in a warm climate) (Nakaue and Arscott, 1991). Rye in animal feed Of the annua1 tota1 wor1d usage Of rye for animal feed, of 14.5 million tonnes, in the period 1984-1986, nearly 94% was used in Europe and and Germany (FRD plus GDR) 15.2%. Usage in the who1e Of north and centra1 America was Only 3.4% of the total. Rye is used in areas where it is cheaper than Rice in feed for animals A total of 6.5 million tonneS of rice was used annually, worldwide, in the period 1984-86 for animal feeding, nearly all (6.0 million tonnes) Mt) (FAO, 1990). For feeding swine, rice if pelleted can replace 50% of the maize in the feed, or 35% if fed as meal. For young pigs, the feed could contain 20% feeding value of pelleted, broken rice for swine Considerable use for animal feeding is made of a mixture of rice bran and rice polishings - is a high energy, high protein foodstuff comparing well with wheat. It contributes a useful amount of biotin, pantothenic acid, niacin, vitamin E and linoleic acid to mixed feeds, thereby reducing the requirement for supplementation with vitamin/ minerals premix. The contribution of linoleic acid in rice pollards is of particular value in rations for laying hens, where it has a beneficial effect For growing pigs, up to 30% of rice pollard can be fed in balanced rations without adverse effects on growth rate or carcase quality (Roese, 1978). Extracted rice bran (the residue left after oil the feeding va1ue Of maize* The sorghum is being used in Asia (China 3.2 Mt; Thailand 0.7 feed for pregnant sows, 76% for lactating sowsJ of rice bran, if pelleted (Sharp, 1991). The 84% for finishing Pigs (Cromwell, 1991)' For is 96% of that of maize (Gromwell, 1991). for chick starters, 13" for growers (7-12 weeks)J the by-products of rice milling. Rice pollards - the USSR, the USSR using 39.3%, "land 30*3% On egg size (Australian Technical Millers, 1980). bar1ey, but, a1though rye is high in energy7 growth Of anima1s On rye is 'lower than On Other cereals, possibly because its unpdatabiliq restricts intake* Rye contins a high level Of pectin (a exuaction from rice bran) has an increased content of protein and a good amino acid profile for mono￾gastric animals, also good protein and phosphorus COntentS for ruminants. However, it is not a good carbohydrate), which reduces its feeding value. Thus, rye is compounded with other cereals for animal feed. Rye also contains a resorcinol - 5-alkyl-resorcinol - which was once thought to be toxic to animals. Attempts are being made to breed lines of rye with lower levels of resorcinol. Horses feed on rye grain show no ill effects SOurce of fatty acids. Rice mill feed is a mixture of rice pollards and ground rice hulls used for animal feed. In 1986, 0.72 million tonnes of rice mill feed were used for animal feed in the U.S.A. (USDA, 1987~). Ground rice hulls are a highly fibrous, low from possible toxic constituents (Antoni, 1960), and rye can be successfully fed to swine and energy foodstuff, suitable for diluting the energY level in rations for cattle, sheep, goats, Pigs and cattie when it contributes up to 50% in a mixed feed. The presence of ergot in rye is a risk if the rye is fed to swine, as the ergot can cause abortion in sows, and reduce the performance of growing pigs (Drews and Seibel, 1976; Cromwell, 1991; Lorenz, 1991). poultry (Australian Technical Millers, 1980). The total digestible nutrients (at 14% m.c.) in rice hull are 15% for cattle and 25% for sheep (Juliano, 1985). Rice hulls contain 9-20% of lignin, thereby limiting their use for animal feed. Various de￾lignification processes have been suggested, e.g