FEED AND INDUSTRIAL USES FOR CEREALS the feed usage of barley(7.0 million tonnes)in advantage for weanlings and yearlings(Ott, 1973) that year (USDA, 1987), although worldwide Oats that are musty should not be used(Ott he usage of oats for animal feed, at 38.3 million 1991). tonnes per annum, was less than one-third of the The by-products of the dry milling of oats- amount of barley so used worldwide, viz. 126.8 oat dust, meal seeds, oat feed meal -are of million tonnes, in 1984-1986(FAO, 1990). reasonably good feeding value. Oat feed meal Oats have a unique nutritional value, particularly oat mill feed in the U.s.A. is a feed of low for animals which require feed having a relatively nutritive value suitable for ruminants, used to high level of good quality protein, but with lower dilute the energy content of maize and other energy content. The level of protein in oat groats grains is higher than that in other cereals; moreover, the Feed oats -the lights, doubles and thin oats quality of oat protein, particularly the amino acid removed during the cleaning of oats -are almost balance, surpasses that of the protein of other equally nutritious to normal oats, and are used ereals, as shown by feeding tests(Webster, 1986; for livestock feeding(Webster, 1986) McMullen, 1991). he good value of high-protein oats has been hown in diets for swine and poultry, although Sorghum for animal feed he nutritive value for these non-ruminants can Sorghum is a major ingredient in the feed for be further improved by supplementation of the swine, poultry and cattle, particularly in the oats with lysine and methionine(Webster, 1986). Western hemisphere. From the worldwide pro- For feeding to animals, oats are first ground duction of sorghum of 66 million tonnes in 1984- or rolled Rolled oats can provide 10% of the feed 1986, 56.6%(37. 3 million tonnes)were used for for calves(along with 65% of maize, sorghum or animal feed. In the same period, the U. S A alone barley)(Klopfenstein et al. 1991), and is a good produced 14.9 million tonnes, of which 14 starter feed for pigs, although too expensive for million tonnes went for animal feed (FAO, 1990) other pigs. ground oats can provide 25% of the For feeding to animals, the sorghum is hammer feed for pregnant sows, 20% for lactating sows, mill ground and then generally steam- faked 10% for young pigs, 15% for growing and finishing using high moisture steam for 5-15 min to raise pigs( with maize, wheat or barley supplying most the moisture content to 18-20%, followed by of the remainder of the feed)(Cromwell, 1991). rolling to make thin flakes(Rooney and serna- For feeding to pigs, the oats should be ground Saldivar, 1991). Steam-flaking improves the feed through a hammer mill, using a h2 in. screen. efficiency of sorghu Pelleting of the ground oats gives faster growt For swine, low-tannin types of sorghum have than unpelleted meal for swine Cromwell, 1991). a nutritive value equal to that of maize but he feeding value for swine, relative to maize brown, high-tannin types, grown for their resis is 100% for oat groats, and 80% for whole oats. tance to attack by birds and their decreased For poultry, oats have 93% of the value of maize liability to weathering and fungal infestation, for broilers, 89% for layers( Cromwell, 1991; have a reduced nutritive value( cromwell, 1991) Nakaue and Arscott, 1991). Sorghum provided 11% of all the cereal grain For feeding to finishing lambs for the market, fed to broilers in the U.S.A. in 1984, and 9% of oats have 80% of the feeding value of maize(ely, all the cereal grain fed to livestock in the U.s.a 1991) in1986(USDA,1987a3c) istorically, oats are regarded as the ideal feed As compared with dry-rolled sorghum, recon- for horses, and in North America this view still stituted sorghum(moistened to 25-30%mc and btains. For young or poor- toothed horses, the then stored for 14-21 days in a silo in a low oxygen whole oats are best rolled or crushed. As com- atmosphere before feeding) produced a better pared with whole oats, crushed oats gave a 5% daily weight gain in feed-lot cattle, and also feeding advantage for working horses, and a 21% produced a considerable improvement in feed/FEED AND INDUSTRIAL USES FOR CEREALS 307 advantage for weanlings and yearlings (Ott, 1973). Oats that are musty should not be used (Ott, 1991). The by-products of the dry milling of oats - oat dust, meal seeds, oat feed meal - are of reasonably good feeding value. Oat feed meal (= oat mill feed in the U.S.A.) is a feed of low nutritive value suitable for ruminants, used to dilute the energy content of maize and other grains. Feed oats - the lights, doubles and thin oats removed during the cleaning of oats - are almost equally nutritious to normal oats, and are used for livestock feeding (Webster, 1986). Sorghum for animal feed Sorghum is a major ingredient in the feed for swine, poultry and cattle, particularly in the Western hemisphere. From the worldwide pro￾duction of sorghum of 66 million tonnes in 1984- 1986, 56.6% (37.3 million tonnes) were used for animal feed. In the same period, the U.S.A. alone produced 14.9 million tonnes, of which 14.8 million tonnes went for animal feed (FAO, 1990). For feeding to animals, the sorghum is hammer￾mill ground and then generally steam-flaked, using high moisture steam for 5-15 min to raise the moisture content to 18-20%, followed by rolling to make thin flakes (Rooney and Serna￾Saldivar, 1991). Steam-flaking improves the feed efficiency of sorghum. For swine, low-tannin types of sorghum have a nutritive value equal to that of maize, but brown, high-tannin types, grown for their resis￾tance to attack by birds, and their decreased liability to weathering and fungal infestation, have a reduced nutritive value (Cromwell, 1991). Sorghum provided 11% of all the cereal grain fed to broilers in the U.S.A. in 1984, and 9% of all the cereal grain fed to livestock in the U.S.A. As compared with dry-rolled sorghum, recon￾stituted sorghum (moistened to 25-30% m.c. and then stored for 14-21 days in a silo in a low oxygen atmosphere before feeding) produced a better daily weight gain in feed-lot cattle, and also produced a considerable improvement in feed the feed usage of barley (7.0 million tonnes) in that year (USDA, 1987b), although worldwide the usage of oats for animal feed, at 38.3 million tonnes per annum, was less than one-third of the amount of barley so used worldwide, viz. 126.8 million tonnes, in 1984-1986 (FAO, 1990). Oatshaveauniquenutritionalvalue,particularly for animals which require feed having a relatively high level of good quality protein, but with lower energy content. The level of protein in oat groats is higher than that in other cereals; moreover, the quality of oat protein, particularly the amino acid balance, surpasses that of the protein of other cereals, as shown by feeding tests (Webster, 1986; McMullen, 1991). The good value of high-protein oats has been shown in diets for swine and poultry, although the nutritive value for these non-ruminants can be further improved by supplementation of the oats with lysine and methionine (Webster, 1986). For feeding to animals, oats are first ground or rolled. Rolled oats can provide 10% of the feed for calves (along with 65% of maize, sorghum or barley) (Klopfenstein et al., 1991), and is a good starter feed for pigs, although too expensive for other pigs. Ground oats can provide 25% of the feed for pregnant sows, 20% for lactating sows, 10% for young pigs, 15% for growing and finishing pigs (with maize, wheat or barley supplying most of the remainder of the feed) (Cromwell, 1991). For feeding to pigs, the oats should be ground through a hammer mill, using a '/z in. screen. Pelleting of the ground oats gives faster growth than unpelleted meal for swine (Cromwell, 1991). The feeding value for swine, relative to maize, is 100% for oat groats, and 80% for whole oats. For poultry, oats have 93% of the value of maize for broilers, 89% for layers (Cromwell, 1991; Nakaue and Arscott, 1991). For feeding to finishing lambs for the market, oats have 80% of the feeding value of maize (Ely, 1991). in 1986 (USDA, 1987a,c). Historically, oats are regarded as the ideal feed for horses, and in North America this view still obtains. For young or poor-toothed horses, the whole oats are best rolled or crushed. As com￾pared with whole oats, crushed oats gave a 5% feeding advantage for working horses, and a 2 1%