TECHNOLOGY OF CEREALS of barley by pig feeders is related to its effect on to animals, viz. not via a feed processor, could the body fat, which becomes firm and white if include parcels that did not meet these standards the ration contains a large amount of barley meal and also wheat that was unfit for milling 1953) When wheat was fed to cattle, the efficiency of chiproly'(i. e. hi-pro-ly) barley is a mutant two- feed usage was greater for dry-rolled wheat than row barley from Ethiopia containing the 'lys,' for wholewheat. Dry milling increased grain gene, which confers high lysine content(cf. p. digestibility from 63 to 88%. Further processing, 71). Hiproly barley contains 20-30% more lysine e.g. steam-flaking or extruding, gave no further than is found in normal barley High-lysine barley improvement(Church, 1991). For beef cattle has been shown to improve the growth rate of wheat is best used in combination with other feed pigs(Hockett, 1991). A recent high-lysine barley grains, e.g. maize or grain sorghum. a blend of mutant originating in Denmark is Riso 1508, with 67% wheat plus 33% dry-milled maize improved 50% more lysine than in Hiproly barley. Risg feed efficiency as compared with either wheat or 1508 is intended to provide a feedstuff with an maize alone (Ward and Klopfenstein, 1991) improved amino acid balance for the pig and dairy When fed to finishing lambs for market, wheat industries, one objective being to avoid the neces- had 105% of the feeding value of shelled maize sity of feeding fishmeal, which gives a taint to when the wheat comprised up to 50% of the total he product grain(Ely, 1991).For By-products from the dry milling of barley to food, but is often too expensive. Wheat is similar make pearl barley are used for animal feed, to maize on an energy basis, but has a higher con particularly for ruminants and horses, as con- tent of protein, lysine, and available phosphorus, tituents of compound feeds. brewers'grains and and wheat can replace all or part of the maize in distillers'dried grains are by-products from the the diet for pigs. Non-millable wheat, damaged brewing and distilling industries that can be moderately by insects, disease, or containing incorporated in feeds for ruminants; they are too garlic, can be fed to swine( Cromwell, 1991) fibrous for pigs and poultry For feeding poultry, wheat should be ground and preferably pelleted, to avoid sorting out of Wheat for animal feeding feed constituents by the birds. For poultry, the feed efficiency of wheat is 93-95% of that of maize The animal-feed use of wheat 1980-1984, (Nakaue and Arscott 1991) world-wide, averaged 19.8 million tonnes per Wheat milling by-products- bran and midd- annum. In the U.S. A. alone in 1988/89, 270 lings provide palatable food for animals. million bu(about 7. 35 million tonnes)were used Wheat middlings can replace grain in the feed for livestock feed. The use of wheat for animal provided the diets are pelleted -otherwise they feed is influenced by price, location and nutrient are too dusty. The energy of wheat middlings value(Mattern, 1991) utilized better by ruminants than by monogastric The importance of wheat as an animal feedstuff animals. Cows fed rations containing 60% of is further illustrated by the establishment, by the concentrate did well if 40% of the concentrate Home-Grown Cereals Authority, in the U. K, of was wheat middlings; sv% of the maize in the quality specifications for 'standard feed wheat,, middlings replaced up in association with the National Farmers'Union rations. Middlings are also fed to poultry. Wheat and the U. K. Agricultural Supply Trade Associa- bran is the favoured feedstuff for horses and for tion,in 1978, and subsequently updated. These all ruminants( Church, 1991) quality specifications, which apply to grain destined for the feed compounder, mention moisture con- tent(max. 16%)and content of impurities Oats for feeding animals ergot, max0.05%; other cereals 5%; non-grain The usage of oats for livestock feeding in the impurities 3%(H-GCA, 1990). Wheat fed directly U.S.A. in 1986 was 9.6 million tonnes, exceeding306 TECHNOLOGY OF CEREALS of barley by pig feeders is related to its effect on the body fat, which becomes firm and white if the ration contains a large amount of barley meal (Watson, 1953). ‘Hiproly’ (i.e. hi-pro-ly) barley is a mutant two￾row barley from Ethiopia containing the ‘Zys’ gene, which confers high lysine content (cf. p. 71). Hiproly barley contains 2630% more lysine than is found in normal barley. High-lysine barley has been shown to improve the growth rate of pigs (Hockett, 1991). A recent high-lysine barley mutant originating in Denmark is Riso 1508, with 50% more lysine than in Hiproly barley. Riso 1508 is intended to provide a feedstuff with an improved amino acid balance for the pig and dairy industries, one objective being to avoid the neces￾sity of feeding fishmeal, which gives a taint to the product. By-products from the dry milling of barley to make pearl barley are used for animal feed, particularly for ruminants and horses, as con￾stituents of compound feeds. Brewers’ grains and distillers’ dried grains are by-products from the brewing and distilling industries that can be incorporated in feeds for ruminants; they are too fibrous for pigs and poultry. Wheat for animal feeding world-wide, averaged 19.8 million tonnes per annum. In the U.S.A. alone, in 1988/89, 270 million bu (about 7.35 million tonnes) were used for livestock feed. The use of wheat for animal feed is influenced by price, location and nutrient value (Mattern, 1991). The importance of wheat as an animal feedstuff is further illustrated by the establishment, by the Home-Grown Cereals Authority, in the U.K., of quality specifications for ‘standard feed wheat’, in association with the National Farmers’ Union and the U.K. Agricultural Supply Trade Associa￾tion, in 1978, and subsequently updated. These quality specifications, which apply to pain destined for the feed compounder, mention moisture con￾tent (max. 16%) and content of impurities - ergot, max. 0.05%; other cereals 5%; non-grain impurities 3% (H-GCA, 1990). Wheat fed directly to animals, viz. not via a feed processor, could include parcels that did not meet these standards and also wheat that was unfit for milling. When wheat was fed to cattle, the efficiency of feed usage was greater for dry-rolled wheat than for wholewheat. Dry milling increased grain digestibility from 63 to 88%. Further processing, e.g. steam-flaking or extruding, gave no further improvement (Church, 1991). For beef cattle, wheat is best used in combination with other feed grains, e.g. maize or grain sorghum. A blend of 67% wheat plus 33% dry-milled maize improved feed efficiency as compared with either wheat or maize alone (Ward and Klopfenstein, 1991). When fed to finishing lambs for market, wheat had 105% of the feeding value of shelled maize when the wheat comprised up to 50% of the total grain (Ely, 1991). For pigs, wheat is an excellent food, but is often too expensive. Wheat is similar to maize on an energy basis, but has a higher con￾tent of protein, lysine, and available phosphorus, and wheat can replace all or part of the maize in the diet for pigs. Non-millable wheat, damaged moderately by insects, disease, or containing garlic, can be fed to swine (Cromwell, 1991). For feeding poultry, wheat should be ground, and preferably pelleted, to avoid sorting out of feed constituents by the birds. For poultry, the feed efficiency of wheat is 93-95% of that of maize Wheat milling by-products - bran and midd￾lings - provide palatable food for animals. Wheat middlings can replace grain in the feed, provided the diets are pelleted - otherwise they are too dusty. The energy of wheat middlings is utilized better by ruminants than by monogastric animals. Cows fed rations containing 60% of concentrate did well if 40% of the concentrate was wheat middlings; swine did well when wheat middlings replaced up to 30% of the maize in the rations. Middlings are also fed to poultry. Wheat bran is the favoured feedstuff for horses and for all ruminants (Church, 1991). Oats for feeding animals The usage of oats for livestock feeding in the U.S.A. in 1986 was 9.6 million tonnes, exceeding The animal-feed use of wheat 1980-1984, (Nakaue and Arscott, 1991)