FEED AND INDUSTRIAL USES FOR CEREALS 305 weeks)and developers(13-18 weeks),48% for preferred to one in which ground maize is the laying hens(Nakaue and Arscott, 1991) sole cereal because it results in better plumage For horses 25-39% of the feed could less feather-picking, and less cannibalism. On the cracked maize, along with 45-30% of rolled and other hand the corncob plus maize feed gives a 7-10% of wheat bran(Ott, 1991) reduced egg production and less body-weight By-products of the milling of maize are also gain(Clark and Lathrop, 1953) used for animal feeding. A product known as hominy feed comprises the entire by-product streams from the dry milling of maize. It is a Barley for animal feed relatively inexpensive high-fibre, high-calorie Apart from its use in malting, brewing and material which is high in carotenoids (yellow distilling(c f. Ch. 9), the next most important pigments desirable for chicken feed) and vitamins use for barley is as food for animals, particularly A and D. Hominy feed is an excellent source pigs, in the form of barley meal of energy for both ruminants and monogastric As whole barley contains about 34% of crude animals, in this respect being equal or superior fibre, and is relatively indigestible, the preferred to whole maize. Hominy feed competes with type of barley for animal feeding is one with a other maize by-products-corn gluten feed and low husk content. Low protein barleys are favoured spent brewers' grains as an animal feed. for malting and brewing, but barley of high Hominy feed may partially replace grain in diets protein content is more desirable for animal feed for horses, provided the feed is pelleted(Ott The total digestible nutrients in barley are 991). Gluten feed is recovered from the steeping given as 79%. Digestible coefficients for consti water in which maize is steeped as a stage in w tuents of ground barley are 76% for protein, 80% milling(q v ) After the separation of the germ, for fat, 92% for carbohydrate and 56%for fibre in the wet-milling of maize, and extraction of the(Morrison, 1947) oil, the residue- germ cake-is used for cattle The feeding value of barley is said to be equal feed to that of maize for ruminants(Hockett, 1991) and 85-90% of that of maize for swine( cromwell 1991). For swine, barley can replace all the maize in the feed; indeed barley is preferred to maize The maize cob(corn cob in the U.S. A. is the for certain animals, e. g. pigs. The feeding value central rachis of the female inflorescence of the of barley fo is improved by grinding plant to which the grains are attached, and which pelleting, cubing, rolling or micronizing(Hockett remains as agricultural waste after threshing. As 1991). It is also used extensively in compound about 180 kg of cobs(d b ) are obtained from feeds each tonne of maize shelled, the annual produc For poultry, a feed containing barley and tion of cobs in the U.S. A alone is of the order improved egg production and feed efficiency as of 30 million tonnes compared with either cereal fed alone lorenz Cobs consist principally of cellulose 35%, pen- and Kulp, 1991 tosans 40% and lignin 15%. Agricultural uses for Swine fed barley grew faster and had a more maize cobs, listed by Clark and Lathrop(1953), efficient feed/gain ratio if the barley was pelleted include litter for poultry and other animals; than if fed as meal. Feed for pregnant sows and mulch and soil conditioner; animal and poultry gilts can contain up to 85% of ground barley, up feeds. The feeding value of corncobs is about 62% to 65% for lactating sows, 80% for growing pigs of that of grains. Up to 67% of ground corncobs, and 86% for finishing pigs( Cromwell, 1991) ith 14%of ground shelled maize and some The barley is normally fed either crushed or soyabean meal and molasses-urea provided a as a coarse meal, thereby avoiding wastage that suitable feed for cattle. For poultry, a feed could result from the passage of undigested grains containing corncob meal plus ground maize is through the alimentary tract. The widespread useFEED AND INDUSTRIAL USES FOR CEREALS 305 weeks) and developers (13-18 weeks), 48% for preferred to one in which ground maize is the laying hens (Nakaue and Arscott, 1991). sole cereal because it results in better plumage, For horses, 25-39% of the feed could be less feather-picking, and less cannibalism. On the cracked maize, along with 45-30% of rolled and other hand, the corncob plus maize feed gives a 7-10% of wheat bran (Ott, 1991). reduced egg production and less body-weight By-products of the milling of maize are also gain (Clark and Lathrop, 1953). used for animal feeding. A product known as hominy feed comprises the entire by-product Barley for animal feed streams from the dry milling of maize. It is a relatively inexpensive high-fibre, high-calorie Apart from its use in malting, brewing and material which is high in carotenoids (yellow distilling (c.f. Ch. 9), the next most important pigments desirable for chicken feed) and vitamins use for barley is as food for animals, particularly A and D. Hominy feed is an excellent source pigs, in the form of barley meal. of energy for both ruminants and monogastric As whole barley contains about 34% of crude animals, in this respect being equal or superior fibre, and is relatively indigestible, the preferred to whole maize. Hominy feed competes with type of barley for animal feeding is one with a other maize by-products - corn gluten feed and low husk content. Low protein barleys are favoured spent brewers’ grains - as an animal feed. for malting and brewing, but barley of high Hominy feed may partially replace grain in diets protein content is more desirable for animal feed. for horses, provided the feed is pelleted (Ott, The total digestible nutrients in barley are 1991). Gluten feed is recovered from the steeping given as 79%. Digestible coefficients for consti￾water in which maize is steeped as a stage in wet- tuents of ground barley are 76% for protein, 80% milling (q.v.). After the separation of the germ, for fat, 92% for carbohydrate and 56% for fibre in the wet-milling of maize, and extraction of the (Morrison, 1947). oil, the residue - germ cake - is used for cattle The feeding value of barley is said to be equal feed. to that of maize for ruminants (Hockett, 1991) and 85-90% of that of maize for swine (Cromwell, 1991). For swine, barley can replace all the maize in the feed; indeed, barley is preferred to maize Maize cobs The maize cob (corn cob in the U.S.A.) is the for certain animals, e.g. pigs. The feeding value central rachis of the female inflorescence of the of barley for pigs is improved by grinding, plant to which the grains are attached, and which pelleting, cubing, rolling or micronizing (Hockett, remains as agricultural waste after threshing. As 1991). It is also used extensively in compound about 180 kg of cobs (d.b.) are obtained from feeds. each tonne of maize shelled, the annual produc- For poultry, a feed containing barley and maize tion of cobs in the U.S.A. alone is of the order improved egg production and feed efficiency as of 30 million tomes. compared with either cereal fed alone (Lorenz Cobs consist principally of cellulose 35%, pen- and Kulp, 1991). tosans 40% and lignin 15%. Agricultural uses for Swine fed barley grew faster and had a more maize cobs, listed by Clark and Lathrop (1953), efficient feed/gain ratio if the barley was pelleted include litter for poultry and other animals; than if fed as meal. Feed for pregnant sows and mulch and soil conditioner; animal and poultry gilts can contain up to 85% of ground barley, up feeds. The feeding value of corncobs is about 62% to 65% for lactating sows, 80% for growing pigs of that of grains. Up to 67% of ground corncobs, and 86% for finishing pigs (Cromwell, 1991). with 14% of ground shelled maize and some The barley is normally fed either crushed or soyabean meal and molasses-urea provided a as a coarse meal, thereby avoiding wastage that suitable feed for cattle. For poultry, a feed could result from the passage of undigested grains containing corncob meal plus ground maize is through the alimentary tract. The widespread use