some secondary terms to indicate color, for example "like a f”or“ like dirt b. Are cultures radically different? Are they Unique? Prof. Howe believes the answer is no i. Cultures are choosing from a range of possibilities, a range of variation on many scales i1. They are unique in a weak sense because they have a very specific collection of common traits lll. Cultures dont have to be an entirely different world to still be interesting and compelling 1. For example in some Native American cultures, someone is shamed by naming a landmark for that transgression. For the rest of the persons life, they are shamed if someone mentions the name of that landmark 2. Obviously are culture does not shame people in the same way, but we can understand the concept. We also have ways of putting meaning into places, so it's not a foreign iv. We are not living in the world as automatons The Kuna can count knives using the"one sharp one knife classification system and then say that all the knives are 7. INFRLUENCE VS DETERMINISM: Lakoff and Johnson said that the metaphors we use determine how we see the word. Metaphors are not just decoration in speech they constantly indicate and inform how we think about the a. In English, we can t talk about time without using spatial terms i."We put that behind us Looking forward to tomorrow iii."Time is passing us by b. We have a whole bunch of embedded metaphors that influence out thought c. Talking about language influencing our thought is more appropriate than saying it determine our thought d. Their key thought is that in English we talk about arguments as war that 2. I really smashed him 3. I overcame every point he raised 4. He didnt have a leg to stand on The way we deal with things like arguments are influenced by these metaphors iii. They pose the question: What if in our society argument didnt equate with war, but instead equated with dance. It would be a very different society. iv. But the question is: Where does a society like this exist? 1. Philosophers like to pose hypotheticalsome secondary terms to indicate color, for example “like a leaf” or “like dirt” b. Are cultures radically different? Are they Unique? Prof. Howe believes the answer is no. i. Cultures are choosing from a range of possibilities, a range of variation on many scales. ii. They are unique in a weak sense, because they have a very specific collection of common traits. iii. Cultures don’t have to be an entirely different world to still be interesting and compelling. 1. For example in some Native American cultures, someone is shamed by naming a landmark for that transgression. For the rest of the person’s life, they are shamed if someone mentions the name of that landmark. 2. Obviously are culture does not shame people in the same way, but we can understand the concept. We also have ways of putting meaning into places, so it’s not a foreign notion. iv. We are not living in the world as automatons. 1. The Kuna can count knives using the “one sharp one knife” classification system and then say that all the knives are dull. 7. INFRLUENCE VS. DETERMINISM: Lakoff and Johnson said that the metaphors we use determine how we see the word. Metaphors are not just decoration in speech; they constantly indicate and inform how we think about the world. a. In English, we can’t talk about time without using spatial terms: i. “We put that behind us” ii. “Looking forward to tomorrow” iii. “Time is passing us by” b. We have a whole bunch of embedded metaphors that influence out thought. c. Talking about language influencing our thought is more appropriate than saying it determine our thought. d. Their key thought is that in English we talk about arguments as war: 1. I won that one 2. I really smashed him 3. I overcame every point he raised 4. He didn’t have a leg to stand on ii. The way we deal with things like arguments are influenced by these metaphors. iii. They pose the question: What if in our society argument didn’t equate with war, but instead equated with dance. It would be a very different society. iv. But the question is: Where does a society like this exist? 1. Philosophers like to pose hypothetical