117 linguistic relativity: one of the two points in Spir-Whorf hypotheis, i.e. there's no limit to the structural diversity of languages nguistic sexism: many differences between me and women in language use are brought about by nothing less than womens place in society 119. sociolinguistics of language: one of the two things in sociolinguistics, in which we want to look at structural things by paying attention to language use in a social context 120 sociolinguistics of society; one of the two things in sociolinguistics, in which we try to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community variationist linguistics: a branch of linguistics, which studies the relationship between akers'social starts and phonologic 122. performative: an utterance by which a speaker does something does something, as apposed to a constative, by which makes a statement which may be true or false constative: an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or fal locutionary act: the act of saying something it's an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. Namely, the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference speaker illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something: its force is identical with the 125 tention perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something it's the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance. conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances, underatandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker's knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle 128 entailment relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other e.g. " Mary is running"entails, among other things, "Mary is not standing still ostensive communication: a complete characterization of communication is that it is ostensive- infer-ential communicative principle elevance: every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance elevance: a property that any utterance, or a proposition that it communicates, must, in the nature of communication, necessarily have Q-principle: one of the two principles in Horn's scale, i. e. Make your contributi ecessary(G Relation, Quantity2, Manner), Say no more than you must(given Q) 133 division of pragmatic labour: the use of a marked relatively complex and/or expression when a corresponding unmarkedalsimpler, less"effortful)alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message(one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed) constraints on Horn scales the hearer-based o-Principle is a sufficiency condition in the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able to third-person narrator: of the narrator is not a character in the fictional world, he or she is usually called a third-person narrator 136 I-narmator: the person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world117. linguistic relativity: one of the two points in Spir-Whorf hypotheis,i.e.there’s no limit to the structural diversity of languages. 118. linguistic sexism:many differences between me and women in language use are brought about by nothing less than women’s place in society. 119. sociolinguistics of language: one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we want to look at structural things by paying attention to language use in a social context. 120. sociolinguistics of society;one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we try to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community. 121. variationist linguistics: a branch of linguistics,which studies the relationship between speakers’social starts and phonological variations. 122. performative: an utterance by which a speaker does something does something,as apposed to a constative,by which makes a statement which may be true or false. 123. constative: an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or false. 124. locutionary act: the act of saying something;it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon,and phonology.Namely.,the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference. 125. illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something;its force is identical with the speaker’s intention. 126. perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something,it’s the consequence of,or the change brought about by the utterance. 127. conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances,underatandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle. 128. entailment:relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other:e.g.”Mary is running”entails,among other things,”Mary is not standing still”. 129. ostensive communication: a complete characterization of communication is that it is ostensive-infer-ential. 130. communicative principle of relevance:every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance. 131. relevance: a property that any utterance,or a proposition that it communicates,must,in the nature of communication,necessarily have. 132. Q-principle: one of the two principles in Horn’s scale,i.e.Make your contribution necessary (G.Relation,Quantity2,Manner);Say no more than you must(given Q). 133. division of pragmatic labour: the use of a marked crelatively complex and/or expression when a corresponding unmarkeda(simpler,less”effortful”)alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message(one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed). 134. constraints on Horn scales:the hearer-based o-Principle is a sufficiency condition in the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able to.. 135. third-person narrator: of the narrator is not a character in the fictional world,he or she is usually called a third –person narrator. 136. I-narrator: the person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world