CONTENTS Preface xvii Engineering Equation Solver(EES)37 A Remark on Significant Digits 39 Summary 40 CHAPTER ONE References and Suggested Readings 41 Problems 41 INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1 CHAPTER TWO 1-1 Thermodynamics and Energy 2 Application Areas of Thermodynamics 3 ENERGY,ENERGY TRANSFER,AND GENERAL 1-2 Importance of Dimensions and Units 3 ENERGY ANALYSIS 51 Some SI and English Units 6 Dimensional Homogeneity 8 2-1 Introduction 52 Unity Conversion Ratios 9 2-2 Forms of Energy 53 1-3 Systems and Control Volumes 10 Some Physical Insight to Intemal Energy 55 1-4 Properties of a System 12 More on Nuclear Energy 56 Mechanical Energy 58 Continuum 12 2-3 Energy Transfer by Heat 60 1-5 Density and Specific Gravity 13 Historical Background on Heat 61 1-6 State and Equilibrium 14 2-4 Energy Transfer by Work 62 The State Postulate 15 Electrical Work 65 1-7 Processes and Cycles 15 2-5 Mechanical Forms of Work 66 The Steady-Flow Process 16 Shaft Work 66 1-8 Temperature and the Zeroth Law Spring Work 67 of Thermodynamics 17 Work Done on Elastic Solid Bars 67 Work Associated with the Stretching of a Liquid Film 68 Temperature Scales 18 Work Done to Raise or to Accelerate a Body 68 The International Temperature Scale of 1990 Nonmechanical Forms of Work 70 (1TS-90)20 1-9 Pressure 22 2-6 The First Law of Thermodynamics 70 Energy Balance 72 Variation of Pressure with Depth 24 Energy Change of a System,AEystem 72 1-10 Pressure Measurement Devices 27 Mechanisms of Energy Transfer,En and Eout 73 The Barometer 27 2-7 Energy Conversion Efficiencies 78 The Manometer 30 Efficiencies of Mechanical and Electrical Devices 82 Other Pressure Measurement Devices 33 2-8 1-11 Problem-Solving Technique 34 Energy and Environment 85 Ozone and Smog 86 Step 1:Problem Statement 34 Acid Rain 87 Step 2:Schematic 35 The Greenhouse Effect: Step 3:Assumptions and Approximations 35 Global Warming and Climate Change 88 Step 4:Physical Laws 35 Step 5:Properties 35 Topic of Special Interest:Mechanisms of Heat Step 6:Calculations 35 Transfer 91 Step 7:Reasoning,Verification,and Discussion 35 Summary 96 Engineering Software Packages 36 References and Suggested Readings 97 Problems 97Preface xvii chapter one INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1 1–1 Thermodynamics and Energy 2 Application Areas of Thermodynamics 3 1–2 Importance of Dimensions and Units 3 Some SI and English Units 6 Dimensional Homogeneity 8 Unity Conversion Ratios 9 1–3 Systems and Control Volumes 10 1–4 Properties of a System 12 Continuum 12 1–5 Density and Specific Gravity 13 1–6 State and Equilibrium 14 The State Postulate 15 1–7 Processes and Cycles 15 The Steady-Flow Process 16 1–8 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 17 Temperature Scales 18 The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) 20 1–9 Pressure 22 Variation of Pressure with Depth 24 1–10 Pressure Measurement Devices 27 The Barometer 27 The Manometer 30 Other Pressure Measurement Devices 33 1–11 Problem-Solving Technique 34 Step 1: Problem Statement 34 Step 2: Schematic 35 Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations 35 Step 4: Physical Laws 35 Step 5: Properties 35 Step 6: Calculations 35 Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion 35 Engineering Software Packages 36 Engineering Equation Solver (EES) 37 A Remark on Significant Digits 39 Summary 40 References and Suggested Readings 41 Problems 41 chapter two ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER, AND GENERAL ENERGY ANALYSIS 51 2–1 Introduction 52 2–2 Forms of Energy 53 Some Physical Insight to Internal Energy 55 More on Nuclear Energy 56 Mechanical Energy 58 2–3 Energy Transfer by Heat 60 Historical Background on Heat 61 2–4 Energy Transfer by Work 62 Electrical Work 65 2–5 Mechanical Forms of Work 66 Shaft Work 66 Spring Work 67 Work Done on Elastic Solid Bars 67 Work Associated with the Stretching of a Liquid Film 68 Work Done to Raise or to Accelerate a Body 68 Nonmechanical Forms of Work 70 2–6 The First Law of Thermodynamics 70 Energy Balance 72 Energy Change of a System, DEsystem 72 Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout 73 2–7 Energy Conversion Efficiencies 78 Efficiencies of Mechanical and Electrical Devices 82 2–8 Energy and Environment 85 Ozone and Smog 86 Acid Rain 87 The Greenhouse Effect: Global Warming and Climate Change 88 Topic of Special Interest: Mechanisms of Heat Transfer 91 Summary 96 References and Suggested Readings 97 Problems 97 Contents cen98179_fm_i-xxvi.indd ix 11/29/13 6:39 PM