THERMODYNAMICS CHAPTER THREE 4-2 Energy Balance for Closed Systems 169 PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES 111 4-3 Specific Heats 174 4-4 Internal Energy,Enthalpy,and Specific Heats 3-1 Pure Substance 112 of Ideal Gases 176 3-2 Phases of a Pure Substance 112 Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases 178 45 3-3 Phase-Change Processes Internal Energy,Enthalpy,and Specific Heats of of Pure Substances 113 Solids and Liquids 183 Internal Energy Changes 184 Compressed Liquid and Saturated Liquid 114 Enthalpy Changes 184 Saturated Vapor and Superheated Vapor 114 Saturation Temperature and Saturation Pressure 115 Topic of Special Interest:Thermodynamic Aspects of Some Consequences of Tsat and Pe Dependence 116 Biological Systems 187 3-4 Property Diagrams for Phase-Change Summary 195 References and Suggested Readings 195 Processes 118 Problems 196 1 The T-v Diagram 118 2 The P-v Diagram 120 Extending the Diagrams to Include the Solid Phase 120 3 The P-T Diagram 122 CHAPTER FIVE The P-v-TSurface 123 3-5 Property Tables 124 MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL Enthalpy-A Combination Property 124 VOLUMES 213 1a Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States 125 5-1 Conservation of Mass 214 1b Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixture 127 Mass and Volume Flow Rates 214 2 Superheated Vapor 130 3 Compressed Liquid 131 Conservation of Mass Principle 216 Reference State and Reference Values 132 Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes 218 3-6 The Ideal-Gas Equation of State 134 Special Case:Incompressible Flow 219 Is Water Vapor an Ideal Gas?137 5-2 Flow Work and the Energy of a Flowing 3-7 Compressibility Factor-A Measure of Fluid 221 Deviation from Ideal-Gas Behavior 138 Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid 222 3-8 Energy Transport by Mass 223 Other Equations of State 141 van der Waals Equation of State 142 5-3 Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Beattie-Bridgeman Equation of State 142 Systems 225 Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State 143 5-4 Some Steady-Flow Engineering Virial Equation of State 144 Devices 228 Topic of Special Interest:Vapor Pressure and Phase 1 Nozzles and Diffusers 229 Equilibrium 146 2 Turbines and Compressors 232 Summary 150 3 Throttling Valves 234 References and Suggested Readings 151 4a Mixing Chambers 236 Problems 151 4b Heat Exchangers 238 5 Pipe and Duct Flow 240 5-5 Energy Analysis of Unsteady-Flow CHAPTER FOUR Processes 242 ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS 163 Topic of Special Interest:General Energy Equation 247 Summary 251 4-1 Moving Boundary Work 164 References and Suggested Readings 252 Polytropic Process 168 Problems 252x THERMODYNAMICS chapter three PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES 111 3–1 Pure Substance 112 3–2 Phases of a Pure Substance 112 3–3 Phase-Change Processes of Pure Substances 113 Compressed Liquid and Saturated Liquid 114 Saturated Vapor and Superheated Vapor 114 Saturation Temperature and Saturation Pressure 115 Some Consequences of Tsat and Psat Dependence 116 3–4 Property Diagrams for Phase-Change Processes 118 1 The T-v Diagram 118 2 The P-v Diagram 120 Extending the Diagrams to Include the Solid Phase 120 3 The P-T Diagram 122 The P-v-T Surface 123 3–5 Property Tables 124 Enthalpy—A Combination Property 124 1a Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States 125 1b Saturated Liquid–Vapor Mixture 127 2 Superheated Vapor 130 3 Compressed Liquid 131 Reference State and Reference Values 132 3–6 The Ideal-Gas Equation of State 134 Is Water Vapor an Ideal Gas? 137 3–7 Compressibility Factor—A Measure of Deviation from Ideal-Gas Behavior 138 3–8 Other Equations of State 141 van der Waals Equation of State 142 Beattie-Bridgeman Equation of State 142 Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State 143 Virial Equation of State 144 Topic of Special Interest: Vapor Pressure and Phase Equilibrium 146 Summary 150 References and Suggested Readings 151 Problems 151 chapter four ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS 163 4–1 Moving Boundary Work 164 Polytropic Process 168 4–2 Energy Balance for Closed Systems 169 4–3 Specific Heats 174 4–4 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases 176 Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases 178 4–5 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Solids and Liquids 183 Internal Energy Changes 184 Enthalpy Changes 184 Topic of Special Interest: Thermodynamic Aspects of Biological Systems 187 Summary 195 References and Suggested Readings 195 Problems 196 chapter five MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES 213 5–1 Conservation of Mass 214 Mass and Volume Flow Rates 214 Conservation of Mass Principle 216 Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes 218 Special Case: Incompressible Flow 219 5–2 Flow Work and the Energy of a Flowing Fluid 221 Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid 222 Energy Transport by Mass 223 5–3 Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems 225 5–4 Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices 228 1 Nozzles and Diffusers 229 2 Turbines and Compressors 232 3 Throttling Valves 234 4a Mixing Chambers 236 4b Heat Exchangers 238 5 Pipe and Duct Flow 240 5–5 Energy Analysis of Unsteady-Flow Processes 242 Topic of Special Interest: General Energy Equation 247 Summary 251 References and Suggested Readings 252 Problems 252 cen98179_fm_i-xxvi.indd x 11/29/13 6:39 PM