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·230· 北京科技大学学报 2002年第2期 3结论 mental and Archaeological Consideration [J].Archae- ometry,1986,28(2):133 (1)出土铜器属于公元前16世纪以前的品 5 Muhly J D.The Beginning of Metallurgy in the Old World. 种,以装饰品及小件工具为主,铜及铜合金有黄 The Beginning ofthe Use of Metals and Alloys [M].Cam- 铜、纯铜、砷铜、锡青铜及铅锡青铜,矿石中带人 bridge MIT Press,1988 6 Lechtman H.Arsenic Bronze:Dirty Copper or Chosen 的杂质元素较多,首次发现砷铜合金,锻、铸制 Alloy?A view from the American [J].Journal of Field Ar- 品并存,不同地域出土铜器的合金成分、制作技 chaeology,1996,23:477 术具有不同特点,进人青铜时代的时间有先后. 7 Budd P.A Metalographic Investigation of Neolithic Arsen- (2)商周时期,属于公元前15一公元前8世 ical Copper Artifacts from Mondsee [J],Austria JHMS, 纪的铜器,礼器、兵器、车马器数量明显增多,多 1991,25(2):99 8 Chase W T.Ternary Representations of Ancient Chinese 为锡青铜、铅青铜、铅锡青铜;礼器比兵器含锡 Bronze Compositions Archaeological Chemistry II,Ad- 量低、含铅量高,成分较稳定,显微组织显示的 vances in Chemistry Series 171 [M].Washington,D C: 俦造技术明显提高;铜兵器显微组织复杂多样, American Chemical Society,1978 有组织相同而成分不同,或成分相近而制作技 9韩汝玢柯俊,姜寨第一期文化出土黄铜制品的鉴定 术不同;含铅量大于5%的铜器,铅分布与铜器 报告.见姜寨.北京:文物出版社,1988 的尺寸、冷却速度、制作技术水平有关 10金相实验室,满城汉墓部分金属器的金相分析报告 见:满城汉墓发掘报告M北京:文物出版社,1980 (3)在古代铜器显微组织中发现:铸造组织 1】潜伟,孙淑云,韩汝玢.古代碑铜研究综述[U.文物保 消失,反偏析,表面镀锡处理,铜器表面有不 护与考古科学,2000,12(2):43 同的腐蚀产物,优先腐蚀组织不同及自由铜再 12李秀辉,韩汝玢.朱开沟遗址出土铜器的金相与研究. 沉淀 见:朱开沟-青铜时代早期遗址发掘报告M]北京 文物出版社,2000 参考文献 13郝欣,孙淑云.盘龙城商代青铜器的检验与初步研究 1胡谦盈.南邠州碾子坡1980一1986年碾子坡发掘资 见盘龙城1963年一1994年考古发掘报告[M).北京: 料节选见:胡谦盈周文化考古研究选集M,成都:四 文物出版社,2001 川大学出版社,2002 14 Oddy WA,Bimson M.Tinned Bronze in Antiquity[J].In 2 Scott D A.Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient stitution of Conservation Occasional Paper,1986(3):169 and Historlc Metals [M].Singapore:J Paul Getty Trust, 15韩汝玢,埃玛,邦克.表面富锡的鄂尔多斯青铜饰品 1991 的研究[)】.文物,1993(9):8 3 Hanson D,Pell-Welpole W T.Chill-Casting Bronzes [M]. 16韩汝玢.张家坡M152出土西周戈的鉴定[切.考古, London,1951 1995(7):640 4 Meeks N D.Tin-rich Surfaces on Bronzes Some Experi- Microstructure of Ancient Chinese Copper Artefacts HAN Rubin,SUN Shuyun,LI Xiuhui,OIAN Wei Institute of History of Metallurgy and Materials,UST Beijing,Beijing 10083,China ABSTRACT Over one thousand samples which was acquired from original excavation sites provided abun- dant speciments for the microstructure study of ancient Chinese copper arntefacts.The results show that the materials of ancient Chinese copper include pure copper,arsenic copper,lead bronze,lead-tin bronze,brass, lead brass,silver copper,arsenic paktong and nickel paktong,etc.The microstructure of ancient Chinese cop- per artefacts illustrate the casting structure of different composition,working structure including hot working and cold working and unusual cases,which differ from those of the modern copper alloys. KEY WORDS microstructure;Cu;Cu alloys;ancient Chinese copper artefact;archaeometallurgy
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