4-9 Process Approaches: Expectancy Theory First-level outcomes Instrumentality Those associated with doing Strength of belief that first- the job itself and include level outcomes are Productivity, absenteeism associated with second turnover. and quality of level outcomes production Valence Second-level Outcomes Preference for certain e Those events that the first outcomes level outcomes are likely to produce like Expectancy Merit pay Increases, group Perceived chance of an outcome occurring because acceptance or rejection of behavior promotion, and termination Megraw-Hilllarwin Copyright o 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, All rights reservedMcGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-9 Process Approaches: Expectancy Theory First-level outcomes ⚫ Those associated with doing the job itself and include ⚫ Productivity, absenteeism, turnover, and quality of production Second-level Outcomes ⚫ Those events that the first￾level outcomes are likely to produce like ⚫ Merit pay increases, group acceptance or rejection, promotion, and termination Instrumentality ⚫ Strength of belief that first￾level outcomes are associated with second￾level outcomes Valence ⚫ Preference for certain outcomes Expectancy ⚫ Perceived chance of an outcome occurring because of behavior